1.
Transfusion-related immunomodulation: gamma irradiation alters the effects of leukoreduction on alloimmunization
Nelson KA, Aldea GS, Warner P, Latchman Y, Gunasekera D, Tamir A, Gernsheimer T, Bolgiano D, Slichter SJ
Transfusion. 2019
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse events following blood transfusion include allosensitization and generalized immunosuppression, collectively referred to as transfusion-related immune modulation. We evaluated the immunological effects of red blood cell (RBC) and platelet transfusions on alloantibody responses and on immunoregulatory cells in nonimmunosuppressed patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Patients were randomized to receive standard unmodified (STD), leukoreduced (LR), or leukoreduced and gamma-irradiated (LRgamma) RBCs. Patients received only apheresis platelets that were in-process LR and were gamma-irradiated for the third arm. Nontransfused patients served as controls for the effects of surgery itself on immunologic changes. Antibodies to HLA were assessed with use of solid-phase assays. The effects of transfusion on adaptive and innate immunity were evaluated by assessing T regulatory cells (Tregs) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. RESULTS LR of blood products reduced the development of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alloantibodies, but only in patients without preexisting HLA antibodies. However, if LR blood products were gamma-irradiated, HLA antibody production was not reduced. Compared to nontransfused patients, recipients of STD or LR transfusions showed a significant increase in CD4+CD25(hi) T cells expressing FoxP3 or CTLA4 and also of iNKT cells producing interleukin-4. In contrast, recipients of LRgamma blood products showed markedly lower increases in all three cellular assays. CONCLUSION LR decreased HLA alloantibody production in naive recipients, but did not reduce the immunosuppressive effects of transfusion. LRgamma reduced immunosuppression and was not associated with decreased HLA alloantibody production.
2.
Leukodepleted Packed Red Blood Cells Transfusion in Patients Undergoing Major Cardiovascular Surgical Procedure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Simancas-Racines D, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Urrutia G, Buitrago-Garcia D, Nunez-Gonzalez S, Martinez-Zapata MJ, Madrid E, Bonfill X, Hidalgo-Ottolenghi R
Cardiology research and practice. 2019;2019:7543917
Abstract
Background: Leukocytes contained in the allogeneic packed red blood cell (PRBC) are the cause of certain adverse reactions associated with blood transfusion. Leukoreduction consists of eliminating leukocytes in all blood products below the established safety levels for any patient type. In this systematic review, we appraise the clinical effectiveness of allogeneic leukodepleted (LD) PRBC transfusion for preventing infections and death in patients undergoing major cardiovascular surgical procedures. Methods: We searched randomized controlled trials (RCT), enrolling patients undergoing a major cardiovascular surgical procedure and transfused with LD-PRBC. Data were extracted, and risk of bias was assessed according to Cochrane guidelines. In addition, trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to assess the need of conducting additional trials. Quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. Quality of the evidence was rated as moderate for both outcomes. The risk ratio for death from any cause comparing the LD-PRBC versus non-LD-PRBC group was 0.69 (CI 95% = 0.53 to 0.90; I (2) = 0%). The risk ratio for infection in the same comparison groups was 0.77 (CI 95% = 0.66 to 0.91; I (2) = 0%). TSA showed a conclusive result in this outcome. Conclusions: We found evidence that supports the routine use of leukodepletion in patients undergoing a major cardiovascular surgical procedure requiring PRBC transfusion to prevent death and infection. In the case of infection, the evidence should be considered sufficient and conclusive and hence indicated that further trials would not be required.
3.
Immunomodulatory effects of transfusion
Nelson KA, Warner P, Latchman Y, Slichter SJ
Blood. 2015;126((23)): Abstract No. 1144.
4.
Blood transfusion is associated with prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation in infants undergoing reparative cardiac surgery
Kipps AK, Wypij D, Thiagarajan RR, Bacha EA, Newburger JW
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2011;12((1):):52-6.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perioperative transfusion has adverse effects in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. We sought to investigate whether greater use of blood and blood products might be an independent predictor of prolonged postoperative recovery, indicated by duration of mechanical ventilation (DMV), after reparative infant heart surgery. DESIGN Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from two randomized trials of hematocrit strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass in infant heart surgery to explore the association of DMV with perioperative transfusion and other variables. SETTING Tertiary pediatric hospital. PATIENTS Two hundred seventy infants undergoing two ventricle corrective cardiac surgery without aortic arch reconstruction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In univariable analyses, longer DMV was associated with younger age and lower weight at surgery, diagnostic group, and higher intraoperative and postoperative blood product transfusion (each p < .001). In multivariable proportional hazard regression, longer total support time and greater intraoperative and early postoperative blood products per kg were the strongest predictors of longer DMV. Patients in the highest tertile of intraoperative blood products per kg had an instantaneous risk of being extubated approximately half that of patients in the lowest tertile (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.35, 0.73). Patients who received any blood products on postoperative day 1, compared with those who did not, had a hazard ratio for extubation of 0.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.50, 0.85). CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory secondary analysis of infants undergoing two ventricular repair of congenital heart disease without aortic arch obstruction, greater intraoperative and early postoperative blood transfusion emerged as potential important risk factors for longer DMV. Future prospective clinical trials are needed to determine whether reduction in blood product administration hastens postoperative recovery after infant heart surgery.
