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1.
The Effect of Chitohem Bleeding Inhibitor Powder on Pain and Bleeding After Tonsillectomy by Suturing Method
Seied-Mohammad Doulabi, S. R., Moradi, A., Roozbahany, N. A., Rezaei, S., Khoshfetrat, N., Shamsian, F., Baghi, M.
Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction. 2023;16(3):205-210
Abstract
Study Design and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate Triamcinolone ointment's effect on pain and bleeding after tonsillectomy by suturing method. Methods: The present study was performed as a single-blind clinical trial on 200 patients who underwent a total tonsillectomy in the ENT department of Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran during 2016. Candidates for total tonsillectomy were randomized into 2 groups one by one. Participants were randomly divided into 2 groups. Both groups matched homologically. Patients in both groups (intervention and control) underwent cold dissection total tonsillectomy. In addition to suturing, in the intervention group, Triamcinolone ointment was used to control the local bleeding at the surgical site. In the control group, only sutures were used to control bleeding. The studied variables included: bleeding and pain 24 hours after surgery, Time to start oral feeding. Result: The frequency of bleeding cases in the first 24 hours are included: 4 patients (5.63%) in the intervention group and 6 patients (8.45%) in the control group (P = 0.01). The average time to start eating for patients who were treated with topical triamcinolone ointment was significantly less than those who were not treated with this ointment. Only 2 patients (2.77%) in the intervention group took analgesics in the first 24 hours after surgery, while and 11 patients (15.3%) in the control group received analgesics in the same time period. Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that the use of Triamcinolone ointment in total tonsillectomy could reduce bleeding, analgesics usage, and the time of feeding onset.
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2.
Efficacy of Continuous Suctioning in Adenoidectomy Haemostasis-Clinical Study
Epure, V., Hainarosie, R., Gheorghe, D. C.
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2023;59(9)
Abstract
Introduction: Adenoidectomy is often the first major surgical challenge for the child's haemostatic system, and controlling intraoperative bleeding can be a challenge for the surgeon. Different methods have been used intraoperatively by surgeons in order to enhance haemostasis. The cold air effect (continuous suctioning) has been used by some surgeons during adenoidectomy; however, no documentation of its haemostatic effect has been made. Objectives: Our prospective randomised controlled study enrolled a sample of 140 children undergoing adenoidectomy, and we studied the effect of continuous suctioning on the duration of haemostasis in paediatric adenoidectomy. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the effect of using continuous suctioning during haemostasis at the end of adenoidectomy procedures, comparing variables such as total surgery time, total haemostasis time, and intraoperative blood loss, between two groups: 70 adenoidectomy procedures where no continuous suctioning was used to enhance haemostasis versus the other 70 patients where continuous suctioning was the haemostatic method employed. RESULTS After statistical analysis of the recorded data, we found that the total duration of adenoidectomy, the duration of haemostasis in adenoidectomy, and the intraoperative blood loss were significantly lower in patients in whom cold air was used for haemostasis. Intraoperative haemostasis failure (and consequent use of electrocautery for haemostasis) was more frequent in patients in whom no suctioning was used; as for the rates of postoperative primary bleeding after adenoidectomy, they were similar in both groups of patients, regardless of the technique used for haemostasis. Conclusions: The use of continuous suctioning during adenoidectomy haemostasis significantly shortens total surgical and haemostasis time, reduces intraoperative blood loss, and reduces the incidence of haemostasis failure (with the consequent need for bipolar electrocautery haemostasis).
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3.
What is the most appropriate hemostatic material during pediatric adenoidectomy? A prospective comparative randomized double-blinded controlled study
Elzayat S, Elfarargy HH, Soltan I, Aouf M, Elsherif H, Margani V, Covelli E, Volpini L, Lasheen HN, Barbara M
International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2022;156:111095
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of different hemostatic materials used in adenoidectomy operations to improve the quality of life with the most negligible hazardous impact on pediatric health. STUDY DESIGN a prospective, case-series, randomized, controlled, double-blinded study. SETTING All adenoidectomy surgeries were performed between September 2016 to December 2019 at tertiary referral institutions. PATIENTS AND METHODS 519 patients were included in five groups. Adenoidectomy was performed under general anesthesia, with the following hemostatic procedures: adrenaline, tranexamic acid, hydrogen peroxide, xylometazoline, and saline (as a control group). The five groups were compared regarding the intraoperative blood loss, surgery duration, need for more hemostatic steps, postoperative reactionary and secondary bleedings, postoperative pain and halitosis, and one-year outcome. RESULTS The four procedures were effective in reducing the blood loss by 19.86%, 11.7%, 30.95%, and 18.91%, respectively, in comparison to the control group. The surgical duration was reduced by 27.65%, 17.86%, 48.11%, and 23.88%, respectively. The need for other hemostatic steps was the least in the hydrogen peroxide group. There was no significant difference between the five groups regarding reactionary bleeding, secondary bleeding, one-week pain, one-month pain, one-month halitosis, and one-year complications. On the other side, hydrogen peroxide had the least one-week halitosis and first-day pain among the five groups. Also, it had the least intraoperative blood loss and surgery duration. CONCLUSIONS Hydrogen peroxide showed to be the best choice to control hemostasis during an adenoidectomy. It can decrease blood loss and surgery duration with less need for other hemostatic steps. It can improve the patient's quality of life without significant postoperative complications. Xylometazoline was studied for the first time as a hemostatic material during adenoidectomy with good satisfying results.
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4.
Monopolar electrocautery tip vs plasma ablation in tonsillotomy: A randomized case-control study comparing outcomes in pediatric population
Bou Sanayeh, E., Idriss, S., Farchakh, Y., Hanna, C., Hallit, S., Romanos, B.
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2021;143:110655
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to compare the low-priced monopolar electrocautery to the high-priced, worldwide used, plasma ablation in tonsillotomy among children aged between three and twelve years, suffering from obstructive breathing disorders (OBD), with respect to post-operative pain, bleeding and related morbidities. METHODS A randomized case-control study was conducted in the Eye and Ear Hospital International- Lebanon. 103 children aged between three and twelve years suffering from OBD secondary to tonsillar hypertrophy were randomly assigned into two groups. Post-operative pain was evaluated using age-adequate validated scales: "FLACC-R" (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability-Revised) for children aged less than five years, and "Wong Baker faces" for older children. Additional post-operative outcomes were evaluated using Pain-PROM (Patient reported Pain-Related Outcome Measures) and TAHSI (Tonsil and Adenoid Health Status Instrument) scales. RESULTS Significantly, higher rates of patients who underwent tonsillotomy via plasma ablation technique used analgesics and had severe pain compared to the monopolar electrocautery group. A longer operative duration was significantly associated with higher pain scores, and the plasma ablation technique yielded significantly higher operative mean durations. 10 days post-operatively, a significantly higher percentage of children reported an overall high pain severity and more than expected overall pain when using the plasma ablation technique compared to the monopolar electrocautery one. Overall bleeding rates were similar. No difference was reported one month post-operatively. CONCLUSION When compared to plasma ablation, monopolar electrocautery, can provide the same efficiency in relieving OBD in healthy children, with equal overall bleeding rates, but significantly lower cost, operating time, pain scores and need for analgesics.
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5.
Bipolar loop device versus bipolar diathermy for tonsillectomy: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Fakhrealizadeh, F., Hoveidaei, A. H., Eslami, J., Hashemi, S. B., Hoveidaei, A., Kazemi, T., Nazarpour, Z.
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2021;141:110505
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries performed in the pediatric population. Although different forms of instruments and various methods are used to perform tonsillectomy, none of them is still recognized as the best global technique. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of the new Bipolar Loop tonsillectomy versus bipolar diathermy technique. METHODS This study is a pilot randomized clinical trial and was conducted on 40 pediatric patients who were the candidate of tonsillectomy. Patients were divided into two groups of Bipolar Loop or bipolar diathermy. Operation time, intraoperative bleeding, tonsillar fossa wound, postoperative complications, and duration of return to normal diet were evaluated in the current study. RESULTS In both of the Bipolar Loop and bipolar diathermy groups, no significant difference was found in terms of sex, age, and weight. The average amount of the operative time, intra-operative blood loss, and postoperative pain loss were significantly less in the Bipolar Loop group (P < .001). In addition, the tonsillar fossa wound healing scores were significantly better (on the 14th day, P = 0.009). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of postoperative bleeding, duration of return to a normal diet, and postoperative symptoms of fever, otalgia, or voice change between the groups. CONCLUSION The study showed that blood loss and postoperative pain through day 7 were significantly less in the Bipolar Loop group. Tonsillectomy with Bipolar Loop can be recommended as one of the methods for tonsillectomy, especially in pediatric patients.
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6.
Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Tranexamic Acid in Bleeding during Adenotonsillectomy: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial
Fornazieri MA, Kubo HKL, de Farias LC, da Silva AMF, Garcia ECD, Santos Gald, Pinna FR, Voegels RL
International archives of otorhinolaryngology. 2021;25(4):e557-e562
Abstract
Introduction Intra and postoperative bleeding are the most frequent and feared complications in adenotonsillectomy (AT). Tranexamic acid (TXA), which is known for its antifibrinolytic effects, has a proven benefit in reducing bleeding in hemorrhagic trauma and cardiac surgery; however, the effectiveness and timing of its application in AT have not yet been established. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in controlling bleeding during and after AT and assess its possible adverse effects in children. Methods The present randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial included 63 children aged 2 to 12 years. They were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous TXA (10 mg/kg) or placebo 10 minutes before surgery. The volume of intraoperative bleeding, presence of postoperative bleeding, and adverse effects during and 8 hours after the surgery were assessed. Results No difference in bleeding volume was noted between the 2 groups (mean, 122.7 ml in the TXA group versus 115.5 ml in the placebo group, p = 0.36). No intraoperative or postoperative adverse effects were noted because of TXA use. Furthermore, no primary or secondary postoperative bleeding was observed in any of the participants. Conclusion In our pediatric sample, TXA (10 mg/kg) administration before AT was safely used, without any adverse effects. It did not reduce the bleeding volume in children during this type of surgery. Future studies should assess the use of higher doses of TXA and its administration at other time points before or during surgery.
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7.
Selection of the optimal dosage of tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss during pediatric cleft palate surgery
Shafa A, Shetabi H, Adineh-Mehr L, Bahrami K
Tzu chi medical journal. 2021;33(2):181-187
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate and select the optimal dosage of tranexamic acid (TXA) to reduce blood loss during cleft palate surgery in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed on 80 children under 3 years of age that were candidates for cleft palate surgery. These children were divided into four groups as follows: the first, second, and third groups received 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg of TXA, respectively. Moreover, the fourth group was considered as the control group. Before induction of anesthesia and then every 15 min during the surgery, some parameters such as mean arterial pressure, heart rate, SpO(2), and ETCO(2) were recorded. Moreover, the amount of blood loss during the surgery, the level of surgeon's satisfaction, and incidence rate of complications were assessed and recorded. RESULTS The amount of blood loss during the surgery in TXA groups receiving dosages of 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg with the means of 63.75 ± 10.62, 61.25 ± 15.03, and 61.00 ± 14.29, respectively, was significantly lower than that of the control group with the mean of 92.25 ± 19.83 (P < 0.001). Moreover, no significant difference was found between the three groups receiving TXA dosages in terms of the amount of blood loss, the level of surgeon's satisfaction (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION According to the results of the present study, all three dosages of TXA had a significant role in reducing blood loss in cleft palate surgery. Given the potential for increased risk of side effects from the drug, it seems safe to use the minimal dosage of this drug to control and reduce blood loss during cleft palate surgery in children <3 years of age.
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8.
Effects of the Two Doses of Dexmedetomidine on Sedation, Agitation, and Bleeding During Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy
Shafa A, Aledavud H, Shetabi H, Shahhosseini S
Anesthesiology and pain medicine. 2021;11(5):e118424
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the importance of dexmedetomidine and its different dosages, here, we aimed to investigate and compare the effectiveness of the doses of 1 µg/kg and 2 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine in sedation, agitation, and bleeding in pediatrics undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHODS This double-blinded randomized clinical trial was performed on 105 pediatric patients that were candidates for adenotonsillectomy. Then, the patients were divided into three groups receiving dexmedetomidine at a dose of 2 µg/kg, diluted dexmedetomidine at 1 µg/kg, and normal saline. The drugs were administered 15 minutes before operations via the intravenous method. The duration of extubation, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and SPO(2) in the recovery were recorded. We also collected data regarding patients' sedation and agitation every 15 minutes. RESULTS Our data showed no significant differences between the groups of patients regarding MAP, HR, and SPO(2). However, the mean sedation score was significantly higher in patients receiving dexmedetomidine (2 µg/kg), and this score was lowest in the control group at the time of entrance to the recovery room. The patients that received dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1 µg/kg had the lowest agitation score after 45 minutes of being in the recovery room, and the patients treated with dexmedetomidine at a dose of 2 µg/kg had the lowest agitation score after 60 minutes of being in the recovery compared to other groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS The use of the doses of 1 µg/kg and 2 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine was associated with proper sedation and a significant reduction in agitation. The patients also had lower amounts of bleeding. We recommend that anesthesiologists should pay more attention to dexmedetomidine at a dose of 2 µg/kg, especially in pediatric surgical procedures.
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9.
Efficacy Of Prophylactic Antibiotics In Reducing Posttonsillectomy Haemorrhage
Sheikh NA, Nadeem K
J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2020;32(1):94-98
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims toward establishing the impact of prophylactic pre-operative antimicrobial therapy on tonsillectomy related haemorrhage. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial conducted at Combined Military Hospital, Abbottabad from January 2017 till August 2019, 121 children and adult patients who had consented and had undergone tonsillectomy were evaluated for procedure related haemorrhage. RESULTS Incidence rate of secondary posttonsillectomy haemorrhage and need for re-hospitalization was significantly less in patients who had completed pre-operative prophylactic antibiotics. Patient-reported secondary haemorrhage was recorded in 4.59% (n=9) cases who did not receive pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis, thereby increasing morbidity and prolonging hospital stay. Secondary post-operative bleeding only occurred in 1.18% (n=2) patients who received appropriate pre-operative anti-microbial prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS We strongly imply that prophylactic pre-operative antibiotics reduce procedure related complications in all patients undergoing tonsillectomy.
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10.
Comparison of Ibuprofen vs Acetaminophen and Severe Bleeding Risk After Pediatric Tonsillectomy: A Noninferiority Randomized Clinical Trial
Diercks GR, Comins J, Bennett K, Gallagher TQ, Brigger M, Boseley M, Gaudreau P, Rogers D, Setlur J, Keamy D, et al
JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery. 2019
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Abstract
Importance: Ibuprofen is an effective analgesic after tonsillectomy alone or tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy, but concerns remain about whether it increases postoperative hemorrhage. Objective: To investigate the effect of ibuprofen compared with acetaminophen on posttonsillectomy bleeding (PTB) requiring surgical intervention in children. Design, Setting, and Participants: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind noninferiority trial was conducted at 4 tertiary medical centers (Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston; Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California; Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia; Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington). A total of 1832 children were assessed for eligibility (presence of sleep-disordered breathing or obstructive sleep apnea, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, or infectious tonsillitis undergoing extracapsular tonsillectomy by electrocautery). Of these, 1091 were excluded because they did not meet eligibility criteria (n = 681) or refused to participate (n = 410); thus, 741 children aged 2 to 18 years undergoing tonsillectomy alone or tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy were enrolled between May 3, 2012, and January 20, 2017. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg (n = 372), or acetaminophen, 15 mg/kg (n = 369), every 6 hours for the first 9 postoperative days. Main Outcomes and Measures: Rate and severity of posttonsillectomy bleeding were recorded using a postoperative bleeding severity scale: type 1 (bleeds that were observed at home or evaluated in the emergency department without further intervention), type 2 (bleeds that required readmission for observation), and type 3 (bleeds that required a return to the operating room for control of hemorrhage). Type 3 bleeding was the main outcome measure. The noninferiority margin was set at 3%, and modified intention-to-treat analysis was used. Results: Of the 741 children enrolled, 688 children (92.8%) (median [interquartile range] age, 5 [4] years; 366 boys [53.2%]) received the study medication and were included in a modified intention-to-treat analysis. The rate of bleeding requiring operative intervention was 1.2% in the acetaminophen group and 2.9% in the ibuprofen group (difference, 1.7%; 97.5% CI upper limit, 3.8%; P = .12 for noninferiority). There were no significant adverse events or deaths. Conclusions and Relevance: This study could not exclude a higher rate of severe bleeding in children receiving ibuprofen after tonsillectomy alone or tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy. This finding should be considered when selecting a postoperative analgesic regimen. Further studies are needed to understand if bleeding risk is affected when ibuprofen is used for a shorter duration or in combination with acetaminophen for postoperative analgesia. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01605903.