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Optimizing Blood Loss and Management in Craniosynostosis Surgery: A Systematic Review of Outcomes Over the Last 40 Years
Coombs DM, Knackstedt R, Patel N
The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 2022;:10556656221116007
Abstract
Surgical correction of craniosynostosis can involve significant blood loss. Rates of allogenic blood transfusion have been reported to approach 100%. Multiple interventions have been described to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements. The aim of this study was to analyze various approaches over the last 4 decades to optimize blood loss and management during craniosynostosis surgery. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. PubMed and Cochrane database searches identified studies analyzing approaches to minimizing blood loss or transfusion rate in craniosynostosis surgery. Primary outcomes included rate or amount of allogenic or autologous blood transfusion, estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative hemoglobin (Hg), or hematocrit (Hct) levels. Secondary outcomes were examined when reported. Fifty-two studies met inclusion criteria. There was marked heterogeneity regarding design, inclusion criteria, surgical intervention, and endpoints. The majority of the studies were nonrandomized and noncomparative. Four studies analyzed erythropoietin (EPO), 6 analyzed various cell-saver (CS) technologies, 18 analyzed antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid [TXA], aminocaproic acid [ACA], and aprotinin [APO]), 8 analyzed various alternatives, and 16 analyzed multimodal pathways & protocols. Some studies analyzed multiple approaches. Although the majority of studies reviewed represent level III/IV evidence, several high-quality level I studies were identified and included. Level I evidence supported an improvement in blood outcomes by utilizing EPO, CS, and TXA, individually or in concert with one another. Thus, this review suggests that a multi-prong approach may be the most effective means to optimize blood loss and transfusion outcomes in craniosynostosis surgery.
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2.
The Efficacy and Safety of Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid for Perioperative Blood Management in Spinal Fusion Surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Li S, Xing F, Cen Y, Zhang Z
World neurosurgery. 2021
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative blood loss is a major concern in spinal fusion surgery, which often requires blood transfusion. A large amount of perioperative blood loss might increase the risks of various perioperative complications. Recently, there has been a series of clinical studies focusing on the perioperative administration of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) in spinal fusion surgery. The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EACA in spinal fusion surgery. METHODS We systematically searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) up to April 2021. The perioperative blood loss, blood transfusion and complication data were extracted and analysed by RevMan Manager 5.3. RESULTS Finally, six randomized controlled studies, involving 398 patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery, were enrolled in this systematic review. Compared with the blank control group, the EACA group had significantly lower total perioperative blood loss, postoperative blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin, postoperative blood transfusion units, total blood transfusion units, and postoperative red blood cell transfusion units. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between the EACA group and control group in intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusion units, intraoperative crystalloid administered, hospital stays, operative time, perioperative respiratory complications, and wound bleeding. CONCLUSIONS EACA in patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery is effective in perioperative hemostasis without increasing the incidence of postoperative complications. However, the long-term adverse side of EACA in spinal fusion surgery still need more large-scale trials.
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3.
Timing of temporizing neurosurgical treatment in relation to shunting and neurodevelopmental outcomes in post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation of prematurity: a meta-analysis
Lai GY, Chu-Kwan W, Westcott AB, Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Lam S
The Journal of pediatrics. 2021
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between timing of initiation of temporizing neurosurgical treatment and rates of ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) and neurodevelopmental impairment in premature infants with post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD). STUDY DESIGN We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials for studies that reported on premature infants with PHVD who received TNP. Timing of TNP, gestational age, birth weight, and outcomes of conversion to VPS, moderate-to-severe NDI, infection, TNP revision, and death at discharge were extracted. RESULTS Sixty-two full-length articles and six conference abstracts (n=2533 patients) published through November 2020 were included. Pooled rate for conversion to VPS was 60.5% (95% CI=54.9-65.8), moderate-severe NDI 34.8% (95% CI=27.4-42.9), infection 8.2% (95% CI=6.7-10.1), revision 14.6% (95% CI=10.4-20.1), and death 12.9% (95% CI=10.2-16.4). Average age at TNP was 24.2+/-11.3 days. On meta-regression, older age at TNP was a predictor of conversion to VPS (p<0.001) and NDI (p<0.01). Later year of publication predicted increased survival (p<0.01) and external ventricular drains were associated with more revisions (p=0.001). Tests for heterogeneity reached significance for all outcomes and qualitative review showed heterogeneity in study inclusion and diagnosis criteria for PHVD and initiation of TNP. CONCLUSIONS Later timing of TNP predicted higher rates of conversion to VPS and moderate-severe NDI. Outcomes were often reported relative to number of patients who received TNP and criteria for study inclusion and initiation of TNP varied across institutions. There is need for more comprehensive outcome reporting that includes all infants with PHVD regardless of treatment.
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4.
Antifibrinolytic agents for paediatric scoliosis surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Karimi S, Lu VM, Nambiar M, Phan K, Ambikaipalan A, Mobbs RJ
European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2019
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of antifibrinolytic agents for paediatric spine surgery. BACKGROUND Bleeding is an important consideration in paediatric scoliosis surgery; blood loss leads directly to higher morbidity and mortality. Antifibrinolytics are an attractive non-invasive method of reducing bleeding as evidenced in arthroplasty, cardiac surgery and adult scoliosis surgery. METHODS A thorough database search of Medline, PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, and a systematic review was performed. RESULTS Five randomised controlled trials were identified in this meta-analysis, consisting of a total of 285 spine surgery patients with subgroups of tranexamic acid (n = 101), epsilon aminocaproic acid (n = 61) and control (n = 123). This meta-analysis found that antifibrinolytics lead to statistically significant reductions in peri-operative blood loss (MD - 379.16, 95% CI [- 579.76, - 178.57], p < 0.001), intra-operative blood loss (MD - 516.42, 95% CI [- 1055.58, 22.74], p < 0.001), reduced fresh frozen plasma requirements (MD - 307.77, 95% CI [- 369.66, - 245.88], p < 0.001) and reduced post-operative blood loss (MD - 185.95, 95% CI [- 336.04, - 35.87], p = 0.02). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis concludes that antifibrinolytics lead to statistically significant reductions in peri-operative blood loss, intra-operative blood loss, reduced fresh frozen plasma requirements and reduced post-operative blood loss with TXA. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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5.
Indications and outcomes of cell saver in adolescent scoliosis correction surgery: a systematic review
Stone N, Sardana V, Missiuna P
Spine. 2016;42((6):):E363-E370
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic Review. OBJECTIVE To determine the indications and outcomes for intraoperative cell salvage during adolescent scoliosis correction surgery by systematically reviewing all available evidence. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several blood conservation strategies exist to minimize the consequences of blood loss due to scoliosis correction surgery. The utility of intraoperative cell salvage has been contested in the literature with respect to benefits and cost. High quality randomized control trials are needed to help surgeons make an informed decision about including Cell Saver into their practice. METHODS The databases Medline, Embase, Ovid Healthstar, and PubMed were searched for English language literature investigating Cell Saver use during adolescent scoliosis correction surgery, mean ages 10-19 inclusively. Qualitative and quantitative findings from relevant studies are presented. RESULTS There were seven eligible studies that directly compared the use of Cell Saver (349 patients) against a Control (non-Cell Saver) group (244 patients). The majority of the demographic and hematologic data were consistent between both groups. The average volume of blood that was re-infused into patients in the Cell Saver group was 453.8 ml. Patients in the Cell Saver group received significantly fewer allogenic blood transfusions than the Control group, with 32.6% less intraoperatively, 45.9% less postoperatively, and 47.3% less perioperatively. On average, Cell Saver patients received 1.0 fewer unit of allogenic blood compared to the Control group patients. CONCLUSION Cell Saver reduces the demand for allogenic transfusion. This review supports the use of Cell Saver if the associated monetary costs are expected to be less than the cost of transfusing one unit of allogenic blood. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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6.
Platelet concentrates in spine fusion: meta-analysis of union rates and complications in controlled trials
Vavken J, Vavken P, Mameghani A, Camathias C, Schaeren S
European Spine Journal. 2016;25((5)):1474-83.
Abstract
PURPOSE Platelet concentrates in spine fusion gained increasing popularity among spine surgeons. They avoid morbidity of bone harvest and promise good union rates without additional device-related adverse events. Therefore, they seem to be a safe and effective alternative to common bone substitutes. This meta-analysis assesses the available evidence for union rate and overall complications with the use of platelet concentrates in spine fusion. METHODS We conducted an online search for relevant controlled trials and extracted data on union rates, complications, and revision rates. These data were synthesized in a meta-analysis using fixed-effects odds ratios (OR). To assess covariates, meta-regression was performed as well. RESULTS Our search produced 166 results, ten of which were eligible for inclusion. These studies report on a total of 763 patients (328 experimental, 435 controls) with a mean age of 50.3 +/- 7.5 years. Mean follow-up was 1.9 +/- 0.0.4 years. With the use of platelet concentrates, union rate decreased significantly, OR 0.53 (95 % CI 0.35-0.79, p = 0.002), compared with the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates OR 1.34 (95 % CI 0.62-2.90, p = 0.46) or in revision rates OR 3.0 (95 % CI 0.90-10.00, p = 0.74). Meta-regression showed no statistically significant influence of randomization, Jadad score, or assessment of fusion. CONCLUSION The use of platelet concentrates in spine fusion shows significantly decreased union rates compared with the control group. However, complication and revision rates were not significantly increased. The current data do not recommend the use of platelet concentrate in spine fusion.
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7.
Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children
McNicol ED, Tzortzopoulou A, Schumann R, Carr DB, Kalra A
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;((9)):CD006883.
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review first published in 2008. Scoliosis surgery is often associated with substantial blood loss and potentially detrimental effects in children. Antifibrinolytic agents are often used to reduce perioperative blood loss. Clinical trials have evaluated their efficacy in children undergoing surgical correction of scoliosis, but no systematic review has been published. This review was first published in 2008 and was updated in 2016. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of aprotinin, tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements in children undergoing surgery for correction of idiopathic or secondary scoliosis. SEARCH METHODS We ran the search for the previous review in June 2007. For this updated version, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 7), MEDLINE (1946 to August week 1 2015), Embase (1947 to 2015 week 38), Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) (1982 to 14 August 2015), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE; 2015, Issue 2) and reference lists of reviews and retrieved articles for randomized controlled trials in any language. We also checked the clinical trial registry at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov on 8 October 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA We included blinded and unblinded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of antifibrinolytics on perioperative blood loss in children 18 years of age or younger and undergoing scoliosis surgery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data. The primary outcome was total blood loss (intraoperative and postoperative combined). Secondary efficacy outcomes were the number of participants receiving blood transfusion (both autologous and allogeneic) or receiving allogeneic blood transfusion alone, and the total amount of blood transfused. Safety outcomes included the number of deaths, the number of participants reporting any adverse event or a serious adverse event, withdrawals due to adverse events and the number of participants experiencing a specific adverse event (i.e. renal insufficiency, hypersensitivity or thrombosis). We assessed methodological risk of bias for each included study and employed the GRADE approach to assess the overall quality of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included three new studies (201 participants) in this updated review, for a total of nine studies (455 participants). All but one study employed placebo as the control group intervention. For the primary outcome, antifibrinolytic drugs decreased the amount of perioperative blood loss by 427 mL (95% confidence interval (CI) 251 to 603 mL), for a reduction of over 20% versus placebo. We rated the quality of evidence for our primary outcome as low on the basis of unclear risk of bias for several domains in most studies and the small total number of participants.For secondary outcomes, fewer participants receiving antifibrinolytic drugs received transfusion (allogeneic or autologous) versus those receiving placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.65, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.85, number needed to treat to prevent one additional harmful outcome (NNTp) 5; very low-quality evidence). Only two studies specifically evaluated the number of participants transfused with only allogeneic blood (risk difference (RD) -0.15, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.03, NNTp 7; very low-quality evidence). Antifibrinolytic drugs decreased the volume of blood transfused by 327 mL (95% CI -186 to -469 mL; low-quality evidence).No study reported deaths in active or control groups. Data were insufficient to allow performance of meta-analysis for any safety outcome. No studies adequately described their methods in assessing safety. The only adverse event of note occurred in one study, when three participants in the placebo group developed postoperative deep vein thrombosis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Since the last published version of this review (2008), we have found three new studies. Additional evidence shows that
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8.
Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children
Tzortzopoulou A, Cepeda MS, Schumann R, Carr DB
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;((3):):CD006883.