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1.
Safety and Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Hip Hemiarthroplasty for Fracture Neck Femur: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Tripathy SK, Varghese P, Kumarasamy AKN, Mishra NP, Neradi D, Jain M, Sarkar S, Sen RK
Indian journal of orthopaedics. 2023;57(1):33-43
Abstract
PURPOSE Although numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have established the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) in hip fracture surgeries, the included studies in those reviews have included all types of surgical interventions ranging from fixation to arthroplasty. Hip hemiarthroplasty is usually indicated in the elderly patients with femoral neck fracture and these patients have associated severe comorbidities and cognitive impairment. These subsets of patients with femoral neck fracture needs appropriate perioperative care and judicious use of antifibrinolytics. There is no meta-analysis evaluating the safety and efficacy of intravenous TXA in these patients. METHODS Searches of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases revealed 102 studies on TXA in hip fracture surgeries. After screening, eight studies were found to be suitable for review. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to compare blood transfusion rate between TXA vs. control in hip hemiarthroplasty. The secondary objectives were total blood loss, postoperative haemoglobin, surgical duration, length of hospital stay and side effects (VTE, readmission and 30 days mortality). RESULTS There were one RCT, one prospective cohort study and six retrospective studies. All studies recruited the elderly patients. Intravenous (IV) TXA administration resulted in significant reduction in requirement of blood transfusion (12.7% vs. 31.9%; OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.17-0.46; p < 00,001; I (2) = 73%). The TXA group had significantly decreased total blood loss (MD - 100.31; 95% CI - 153.79, - 46.83; p < 0.0002). The postoperative Hb in the TXA group was significantly higher than the control group (MD 0.53; 95% CI 0.35, 0.71; p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in the incidences of VTE (0.97% vs. 0.73%, OR 1.27; p = 0.81; I (2) = 64%) and readmission rate (9.2% vs. 9.64%; OR 0.79; p = 0.54), but 30-d mortality rate was significantly lower in the TXA group (3.41% vs. 6.04%; OR 0.66; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous TXA is efficacious in the reduction of blood loss and transfusion need in hip hemiarthroplasty surgery for hip fracture, without increased risk of VTE. The blood conservation protocol led to decreased 30 days mortality in these fragile elderly patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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2.
Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture treated with hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhao YK, Zhang C, Zhang YW, Li RY, Xie T, Bai LY, Chen H, Rui YF
Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2023
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly patients with femoral neck fracture have high perioperative blood loss according to the trauma and hip arthroplasty surgery. Tranexamic acid is a fibrinolytic inhibitor and has been widely used in hip fracture patients to against perioperative anemia. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tranexamic acid (TXA) in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture undergoing hip arthroplasty. METHODS We performed search using Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Reviews, and Web of Science databases to identify all relevant research studies published from inception to June 2022. Randomized controlled studies and high-quality cohort studies that reported the perioperative use of TXA in patients with femoral neck fractures treated with arthroplasty, and made a comparison with the control group were included. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 to assess the efficacy and safety of TXA. Subgroup analysis was conducted to further investigate the impact caused by surgery types and administration routes on the efficacy and safety outcomes. RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and eight cohort studies published from January 2015 to June 2022 were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed significant reductions in the rate of allogeneic blood transfusion, total blood loss (TBL) and postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) drop in the TXA group compared with the control group, while no significant difference was found in the intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, hospital length of stay (LOS), re-admission rate, and wound complications between the two groups. The incidence of thromboembolic events and mortality showed no significant difference. Subgroup analysis indicated that surgery types and administration routes did not change the overall tendency. CONCLUSION The current evidence shows that both intravascular administration (IV) and topical administration of TXA can significantly decrease the perioperative transfusion rate and TBL without increasing the risk of thromboembolic complications in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture.
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3.
The Use of Tranexamic Acid in Hip Fracture Surgery-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Agius C, Cole E, Mifsud MG, Vasireddy A
Journal of orthopaedic trauma. 2022;36(12):e442-e448
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the effect of intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) on blood transfusion requirements in adult patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Secondary aim was to evaluate the safety by assessing thromboembolic events. DATA SOURCES Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, PubMed, and Embase were searched for randomized controlled trials published in English from 2010. STUDY SELECTION Studies eligible for inclusion were randomized controlled trials that analyzed the use of intravenous TXA on blood transfusion requirement in hip fracture surgery. DATA EXTRACTION Titles and abstracts were screened and assessed for eligibility by 2 independent reviewers. Quality and risk of bias was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB2). DATA SYNTHESIS Meta-analysis with random and fixed effect models was performed. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated for dichotomous outcomes and estimated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). For continuous data, the risk difference (RD) was estimated with a 95% CI. RESULTS A total of 13 trials involving 1194 patients were included. Pooled results showed that patients in the TXA group had significantly lower transfusion requirements (RR 0.50, 95%CI 0.30-0.84, P = 0.009). Similar findings were observed in the subcohort of patients with transfusion threshold of Hb < 8g/dL, (RR 0.42, 95%CI 0.31-0.56, P < 0.0001). This risk reduction was not observed in the subcohort of patients with transfusion threshold of Hb 8.1-10g/dL who received TXA (RR 0.77, 95%CI 0.51-1.18, P = 0.23) and no statistically significant differences were found for total thromboembolic events (RR 0.01, 95%CI -0.02-0.04, P = 0.47). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrated that intravenous TXA reduced blood transfusion rates and did not increase the risk of thromboembolic events. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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4.
The optimal regimen, efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid to reduce bleeding for patients after total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis
Zheng C, Ma J, Xu J, Wu L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Shen B
Thrombosis research. 2022;221:120-129
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the optimal regimen, efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) and aminocaproic acid (EACA) for patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS The network meta-analysis was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. The outcomes were total blood loss, transfusion rates, hemoglobin (HB) drop, and risk for pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Subgroup analyses were performed among most effective regimens to determine the influences of timing and number of doses. RESULTS A total of 56 eligible RCTs with different regimens were assessed. For reducing total blood loss, all high doses of TXA and EACA except high dose of intra-articular (IA) TXA, as well as medium dose of combination of intravenous and intra-articular (combined IV/IA) TXA were most effective. All high doses of TXA, as well as medium dose of combined IV/IA TXA did not show inferiority in reducing transfusion rates and HB drop compared with other regimens. No regimens showed higher risk for PE or DVT compared with placebo, and no statistical differences were seen among most effective regimens in subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS As effective as high doses of EACA and TXA, medium dose (20-40 mg/kg or 1.5-3.0 g) of combined IV/IA TXA was enough to control bleeding for patients after THA without increasing risk for PE/DVT. TXA was at least 5 times more potent than EACA. Timing and number of doses had few influences on blood conserving efficacy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I.
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5.
The effect of antifibrinolytic agents in periacetabular osteotomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kim CH, Lim EJ, Kim S, Kim JW
Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR. 2022;108(4):103271
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a major hip preservation surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip. It is inevitably associated with significant blood loss, so it requires frequent transfusions and could be a cause of perioperative morbidity. However, to date, a large number of studies has not evaluated the effect of antifibrinolytic agents in PAO. Therefore we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess if antifibrinolytics would be effective in reducing blood loss and transfusion rate after PAO surgery. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for studies published before April 4, 2020, that investigated the effect of antifibrinolytic agents in PAO. A pooled analysis was designed to identify differences between antifibrinolytic and control groups focusing on blood loss, transfusion, operation time, postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE), and length of hospital stay. RESULTS We included five studies involving 507 patients (antifibrinolytic group: 256; control group: 251). The pooled analysis showed that the control group had a greater total estimated blood loss (EBL) than the antifibrinolytic group (mean difference [MD]=-257.60mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] -389.68 to -125.53, p=0.0001), but there were no statistical differences in intraoperative EBL (MD=-46.46mL, 95% CI: -192.57 to 99.64, p=0.53). The allogenic transfusion rate was higher in the control group than in the antifibrinolytic group (odds ratio [OR] 0.21, 95% CI: 0.10-0.43, p<0.0001), but there was no difference in the autogenic transfusion rate (OR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.09-1.43, p=0.14). The pooled result showed no difference in operation time (MD=9.13min, 95% CI: -8.54 to 26.80, p=0.31). For the VTE rate, a pooled analysis was not conducted due to the lack of data. The length of hospital stay showed no differences (MD=-0.51 days, 95% CI: -1.17 to 0.16, p=0.13). CONCLUSIONS Antifibrinolytic use in PAO has positive effects in terms of reduced total EBL and allogenic transfusion rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III; meta-analysis.
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6.
The effect of tranexamic acid in open reduction and internal fixation of pelvic and acetabular fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kim CH, Hwang J, Lee SJ, Yoon PW, Yoon KS
Medicine. 2022;101(29):e29574
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic bone fractures may cause extensive bleeding; however, the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) usage in pelvic fracture surgery remains unclear. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in open reduction and internal fixation surgery for pelvic and acetabular fracture. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for studies published before April 22, 2020, that investigated the effect of TXA in the treatment of pelvic and acetabular fracture with open reduction and internal fixation. A pooled analysis was used to identify the differences between a TXA usage group and a control group in terms of estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion rates, and postoperative complications. RESULTS We included 6 studies involving 764 patients, comprising 293 patients who received TXA (TXA group) and 471 patients who did not (control group). The pooled analysis showed no differences in EBL between the groups (mean difference -64.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] -185.27 to -55.93, P = .29). The study period transfusion rate showed no significant difference between the groups (odds ratio [OR] 0.77, 95% CI 0.19-3.14, P = .71, I2 = 82%), nor in venous thromboembolism incidence (OR 1.53, 95% CI 0.44-5.25, P = .50, I2 = 0%) or postoperative infection rates (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.13-9.98, P = .90, I2 = 48%). CONCLUSIONS Despite several studies having recommended TXA administration in orthopedic surgery, our study did not find TXA usage to be more effective than not using TXA in pelvic and acetabular fracture surgery, especially in terms of EBL reduction, transfusion rates, and the risk of postoperative complications.
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7.
Peri-articular administration of tranexamic acid is an alternative route in total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Fan D, Ma J, Liu X, Zhang L
Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research. 2022;17(1):211
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid (TXA) is increasingly used in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to reduce blood loss. The administration of intravenous and intra-articular TXA has been well explored, but the most efficient way to administer TXA remains in question. Peri-articular injection (PAI) of TXA is a recently mentioned method. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of PAI TXA in patients after TKA should be performed. METHODS A systematic search was performed within PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to November 8, 2021. Two authors independently screened studies for eligibility and extracted data for analysis. The primary outcome was haemoglobin change. The secondary outcomes were haematocrit change, total drainage volume, thromboembolic events, and blood transfusion. RESULTS A total of ten studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in haemoglobin change when using PAI TXA compared with no TXA (mean difference - 1.05; 95% CI - 1.28 to - 0.81; P < 0.00001; I(2) = 0%), but it had no significant differences compared with IA and IV (mean difference - 0.01; 95% CI - 0.17 to - 0.14; P = 0.85; I(2) = 39%). There were no significant differences between the TXA < 1.5 g subgroup (0.10, 95% CI - 0.27 to 0.46; P = 0.60; I(2) = 0%) and the TXA ≥ 1.5 g subgroup (0.18, 95% CI - 0.12 to 0.48; P = 0.24; I(2) = 74%). In addition, the combined group (PAI plus IV or IA) was superior to the IV or IA group in terms of haemoglobin change (mean difference - 0.51; 95% CI - 0.76 to - 0.27; P < 0.0001; I(2) = 19%). Regarding haematocrit change, the pooled result showed it was significantly less in the PAI group than the non-TXA group. Similarly, comparing it against the IV subgroup, the result revealed a difference in favour of the PAI group, with a mean difference of - 1.89 g/dL (95% CI - 2.82 to - 0.95; P < 0.0001; I(2) = 67%). For total drainage volume, the pooled result was in favour of PAI TXA over no TXA (297 ml, 95% CI - 497.26 to - 97.23; P = 0.004; I(2) = 87%), but it had no significant difference compared with IA and IV (mean difference - 37.98; 95% CI - 115.68 to 39.71; P = 0.34; I(2) = 95%). There was no significant difference in thromboembolic events (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.25 to 2.21; P = 0.59; I(2) = 0%). Blood transfusion was not significantly different between the PAI group and the non-TXA group (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.23 to 1.06; P = 0.07; I(2) = 21%), and there was no significant difference between PAI and the other two TXA injection methods (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.41 to 1.25; P = 0.24; I(2) = 19%). CONCLUSION PAI has comparable effects to IV and IA injections. PAI is an alternative injection route of TXA for patients who have undergone TKA.
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8.
A Comparative Study of Blood Loss With and Without Infusion of Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Replacement
Kumar D, Sharma A, Sharma G, Trivedi A
Cureus. 2022;14(8):e27737
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Total knee replacement (TKR) is associated with significant blood loss in intra- and postoperative periods. This trial was designed to determine the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the reduction of perioperative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion in patients undergoing primary TKR. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed at a tertiary care institute with 30 cases of primary unilateral TKR. The patients were randomly divided into two groups comprising 15 patients each. Group A comprised patients who received TXA by intravenous route and locally. Group B served as control, which comprised patients who had not received TXA. Patients were assessed in terms of intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, reduction in haemoglobin, the requirement of blood transfusion, and any untoward effects of TXA at 24 and 72 hours after surgery. RESULTS In group A, the mean number of swabs used intraoperatively was 2.3 ± 0.5 swabs while in group B, the mean number was 4.3 ± 0.7 swabs (p = 0.0000). The mean drop in the postoperative haemoglobin concentration in group A was 0.6 gm/dl (24 hours) and 1.3 gm/dl (72 hours), with a mean postoperative drain collection of 247.3 ± 50.6 ml (24 hours) and 316.7 ± 55.6 ml (72 hours). In comparison, the mean drop in the postoperative haemoglobin in group B was 1.5 gm/dl (24 hours) and 2.3 gm/dl (72 hours), with a mean drain collection of 474 ± 30.7 ml (24 hours) and 453.3 ± 37.7 ml (72 hours) (p < 0.001). In group A, significantly fewer patients (four) required blood transfusion while 13 patients required blood transfusion in group B (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSION The data from this study conclude that the use of TXA in TKR significantly reduces perioperative blood loss and the need for postoperative blood transfusion without significantly altering the liver and renal functions and coagulation profile of patients.
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9.
Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Weng N, Gou Y, Kuang F
Asian journal of surgery. 2022
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to assess whether administration tranexamic acid (TXA) could reduce blood loss and vascular events in patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case control trials (CCT) that compared outcomes of patients who did and did not receive TXA during UKA. We searched Cochrane Central Register of including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Wan Fang data, CBM and CNKI for relevant studies. We assessed the risk of bias of the included studies and calculated pooled risk estimates. The primary outcome was operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative HCT, postoperative HB, transfusion rate, dominant blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, hidden blood loss, total blood loss, postoperative ROM,postoperative VAS score, postoperative complications. Data were using fixed-effects or random-effects models with standard mean differences and risk ratios for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Finally, 9 clinical studies with 744 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the control group, TXA group could reduced transfusion rate, dominant blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, hidden blood loss, and total blood loss, and increased postoperative HB with statistically significance. The main findings of this meta-analysis are that the transfusion rate, dominant blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, hidden blood loss, total blood loss and postoperative HB in the tranexamic acid group were superior to those in the routine group. Additional high-quality RCTs should be conducted in the future.
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10.
Effect of Tranexamic Acid on Blood Management during a High Tibial Osteotomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Fang Q, Zhang Z, Wang D, Wang L, Xiong W, Tang Y, Liu W, Wang G
Orthopaedic surgery. 2022
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of tranexamic acid for blood management during high tibial osteotomy (HTO). A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library database. Six studies and 208 patients were included in this meta-analysis using Review Manager V.5.3 and Stata 15.1 software. For primary outcomes, tranexamic acid lowered the total blood loss (WMD = -219.47, 95% CI [-355.61, -83.33], P = 0.002). For secondary outcomes, a significant reduction was found for decreased hemoglobin (POD1: WMD = -9.86, 95% CI [-13.45, -6.28], P < 0.05; POD2: WMD = -8.41, 95% CI [-11.50, -5.32], P < 0.05; POD5: WMD = -11.48, 95% CI [-14.56, -8.39], P < 0.05) and drainage (total: WMD = -105.93, 95% CI [-187.08, -24.78], P < 0.05; POD1: WMD = -122.195, 95% CI [-168.902, -75.488], P < 0.05). The sex difference (male/female ratio) was determined (total blood loss: P = 0.025; total drainage amount: p = 0.018) using meta-regression analysis. Females benefited more from tranexamic acid in terms of total blood loss (M/F > 40%: WMD = -53.11, 95% CI [-100.16, -6.05], P = 0.03; 40% ≥ M/F ≥ 20%: WMD = -362.20, 95% CI [-423.96, -300.45], P < 0.05; M/F < 20%: WMD = -263.00, 95% CI [-277.17, -248.83], P < 0.05) and total drainage (M/F > 40%: WMD = -7.11, 95% CI [-10.75, -3.47], P < 0.05; 40% ≥ M/F ≥ 20%: WMD = -104.72, 95% CI [-155.36, -54.08], P < 0.05; M/F < 20%: WMD = -222.00, 95% CI [-297.42, -146.58], P < 0.05). No significant differences were found for drainage on POD2 and POD3, wound complications, orthromboembolic events. In conclusion, tranexamic acid is effective and safe for blood management during HTO. Females appeared to benefit more from it, and an additional postoperative dose is suggested fora better effect.
