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Effect of Retrograde Autologous Blood Priming of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Hemodynamic Parameters and Pulmonary Mechanics in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Study
Singab H, Gamal MA, Refaey R, Al-Taher W
Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2020
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the impact of retrograde autologous priming (RAP) on hemodynamics and pulmonary mechanics in children subjected to cardiothoracic surgery. This prospective randomized study analyzed the clinical records of 124 children with Rachs-1 left to right lesions subjected to cardiac surgery. They comprised 64 patients in RAP group and 60 patients in the conventional priming group. The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data of the studied patients were reported. The outcome measures included hematocrit value, blood gases, lung mechanics parameters, transfusion needs, ICU stay, postoperative complications and mortality. Preoperatively, there were no significant differences between the studied groups regarding the demographic data, underlying lesions, laboratory data, blood gases and pulmonary mechanics parameters. Intraoperatively, RAP group patients had significantly lower amount of blood loss, less frequent need to packed RBCs transfusion and better hematocrit values when compared with the control group. Postoperatively, RAP group patients had significantly higher Hct % at ICU arrival, significantly better pulmonary mechanics parameters and significantly shorter duration on mechanical ventilation. Retrograde autologous priming in children older than 12 months subjected to cardiac surgery for Rachs-1 left to right lesions is associated with less transfusion needs and better pulmonary mechanics.
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Does Intraoperative Cell Salvage Reduce Postoperative Infection Rates in Cardiac Surgery?
van Klarenbosch J, van den Heuvel ER, van Oeveren W, de Vries AJ
Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 2020
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary outcome was the risk for infections after cell salvage in cardiac surgery. DESIGN Data of a randomized controlled trial on cell salvage and filter use (ISRCTN58333401). SETTING Six cardiac surgery centers in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS All 716 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting, valve surgery, or combined procedures over a 4-year period who completed the trial. INTERVENTIONS Postoperative infection data were assessed according to Centre of Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network surveillance definitions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Fifty-eight (15.9%) patients with cell salvage had infections, compared with 46 (13.1%) control patients. Mediation analysis was performed to estimate the direct effect of cell salvage on infections (OR 2.291 [1.177;4.460], p=0.015) and the indirect effects of allogeneic transfusion and processed cell salvage blood on infections. Correction for confounders, including age, seks and body mass index was performed. Allogeneic transfusion had a direct effect on infections (OR=2.082 [1.133;3.828], p=0.018), but processed cell salvage blood did not (OR=0.999 [0.999; 1.001], p=0.089). There was a positive direct effect of cell salvage on allogeneic transfusion (OR=0.275 [0.176;0.432], p < 0.001), but a negative direct effect of processed cell salvage blood (1.001 [1.001;1.002], p < 0.001) on allogeneic transfusion. Finally, there was a positive direct effect of cell salvage on the amount of processed blood. CONCLUSIONS Cell salvage was directly associated with higher infection rates, but this direct effect was almost completely eliminated by its indirect protective effect through reduced allogeneic blood transfusion.
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Additional filtering of blood from a cell salvage device is not likely to show important additional benefits in outcome in cardiac surgery
de Vries AJ, Vermeijden WJ, van Pelt LJ, van den Heuvel ER, van Oeveren W
Transfusion. 2019
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several authors and manufacturers of cell salvage devices recommend additional filtering of processed blood before transfusion. There is no evidence to support this practice. Therefore, we compared the clinical outcome and biochemical effects of cell salvage with or without additional filtering. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The patients, scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting, valve replacement, or combined procedures were part of our randomized multicenter factorial study of cell salvage and filter use on transfusion requirements (ISRCTN 58333401). They were randomized to intraoperative cell salvage or cell salvage plus additional WBC depletion filter. We compared the occurrence of major adverse events (combined death/stroke/myocardial infarction) as primary outcome and minor adverse events (renal function disturbances, infections, delirium), ventilation time, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. We also measured biochemical markers of organ injury and inflammation. RESULTS One hundred eighty-nine patients had cell salvage, and 175 patients had cell salvage plus filter and completed the study. Demographic data, surgical procedures, and amount of salvaged blood were not different between the groups. There was no difference in the primary outcome with a risk of 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.34-11.25) in the cell salvage plus filter group versus 5.8% (95% CI, 3.09-10.45) in the cell salvage group, a relative risk of 1.08 (95% CI, 0.48- 2.43]. There were no differences in minor adverse events and biochemical markers between the groups. CONCLUSION The routine use of an additional filter for transfusion of salvaged blood is unlikely to show important additional benefits.
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A comparison of haemostatic biomarkers during low-risk patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass using either conventional centrifugal cell salvage or the HemoSep device
Boyle G, Kuffel A, Parmar K, Gibson K, Smith M, Grehan A, Hunt BJ, Chambers DJ
Perfusion. 2018;:267659118789051.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with a coagulopathy due to haemodilution, thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction and the activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis, despite the use of large doses of unfractionated heparin. Conventional red cell salvage may exacerbate post-operative bleeding as plasma containing haemostatic factors is discarded. We hypothesized that a novel cell salvage device (HemoSep) may attenuate haemostatic changes associated with red cell salvage. We studied haemostatic markers following autologous transfusion from conventional cell salvage or the HemoSep device. METHODS This randomised, controlled trial compared haemostatic markers in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve replacement who received autologous blood returned from cell salvage (control) or HemoSep (study). Blood samples were taken pre-operatively, end of CPB, post-transfusion of salvaged blood and 3 hours post-operatively and analysed for full blood count (FBC), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, D-dimer and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP). RESULTS Fifty-four patients were recruited (n=28 control, n=26 study). Processed blood volume for transfusion was significantly (p<0.001) higher in the HemoSep group. In the HemoSep group, the PT was shorter (18.7+/-0.3 vs 19.9+/-0.3 sec; p<0.05) post-operatively and the aPTT was longer (48.6+/-3.8 vs 37.3+/-1.0 sec; p<0.01) following autologous transfusion. In the control group, D-dimer and ETP levels were higher (1903+/-424 vs.1088+/-151; p<0.05 and 739+/-46 vs. 394+/-60; p<0.001, respectively) following autologous transfusion. CONCLUSIONS Although centrifuged cell salvage is known to adequately haemoconcentrate and remove unwanted substrates and bacteriological contamination, the process can exacerbate coagulopathy. The HemoSep device demonstrated some increase in haemostatic markers when used in low-risk cardiac surgery patients.
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Superior blood-saving effect and postoperative recovery of comprehensive blood-saving strategy in infants undergoing open heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass
Wu T, Liu J, Wang Q, Li P, Shi G
Medicine. 2018;97((27)):e11248.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimization of blood-saving strategies during open heart surgery in infants is still required. This study aimed to study a comprehensive blood-saving strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on postoperative recovery in low-weight infants undergoing open heart surgery. METHODS This was a prospective study of 86 consecutive infants (weighing <5 kg) with acyanotic congenital heart disease treated at the Tianjin Chest Hospital between March and December 2016, and randomized to the control (traditional routine CPB) and comprehensive blood-saving strategy groups. The primary endpoints were blood saving and clinical prognosis. The secondary endpoints were safety and laboratory indicators, prior to CPB (T1), after 30 minutes of CPB (T2), after modified ultrafiltration (T3), and postoperative 12 (T4), 24 (T5), 48 (T6), and 72 h (T7). RESULTS The total priming volume and banked red blood cells in the comprehensive strategy group were significantly lower than in the control group (P = .009 and P = .04, respectively). In the comprehensive strategy group, immediately after CPB, the amount of salvaged red blood cells exceeded the priming red blood cells by 40 +/- 11 mL. Postoperatively, the comprehensive strategy group showed a significant decrease in the inotrope score (P = .03), ventilation time (P = .03), intensive care unit stay (P = .04), and hospital stay (P = .03) in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSION The comprehensive blood-saving strategies for CPB were associated with less blood use and favorable postoperative recovery in low-weight infants with congenital heart disease undergoing open heart surgery.
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Comparative evaluation of blood salvage techniques in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Gunaydin S, Robertson C, Budak AB, Gourlay T
Perfusion. 2017;:267659117728328.
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this study was to test and compare the efficacy of currently available intraoperative blood salvage systems via a demonstration of the level of increase in percentage concentration of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells 9WBC) and platelets (Plt) in the end product. METHODS In a prospective, randomized study, data of 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in a 6-month period was collected, of which the volume aspirated from the surgical field was processed by either the HemoSep Novel Collection Bag (Advancis Surgical, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Notts, UK) (N=40) (Group 1) or a cell- saver (C.A.T.S Plus Autotransfusion System, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) (N=40) (Group 2). RESULTS Hematocrit levels increased from 23.05%+/-2.7 to 43.02%+/-12 in Group 1 and from 24.5+/-2 up to 55.2+/-9 in Group 2 (p=0.013). The mean number of platelets rose to 225200+/-47000 from 116400 +/-40000 in the HemoSep and decreased from 125200+/-25000 to 96500+/-30000 in the cell-saver group (p=0.00001). The leukocyte count was concentrated significantly better in Group 1 (from 10100+/-4300 to 18120+/-7000; p=0.001). IL-6 levels (pg/dL) decreased from 223+/-47 to 83+/-21 in Group 1 and from 219+/-40 to 200+/-40 in Group 2 (p=0.001). Fibrinogen was protected significantly better in the HemoSep group (from 185+/-35 to 455+/-45; p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative blood salvage systems functioned properly and the resultant blood product was superior in terms of red blood cell species. The HemoSep group had significantly better platelet and leukocyte concentrations and fibrinogen content.
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Application of autologous blood cell salvage in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft operation
Zhao H, Ma H, Meng L, Zhao Z, Quan X, Cheng Z
The Heart Surgery Forum. 2017;20((3)):E107-E110.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze whether application of autologous blood cell salvage can reduce the transfusion volume of allogeneic blood and complications of blood transfusion in off-pump coronary artery bypass operations. Methods: We randomly divided 120 patients into autologous blood cell salvage group (experimental group, n = 60) and non-autologous blood cell salvage group (control group, n = 60). Volume of perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion of each patient was recorded. Moreover, complications and ICU retention times (H) of each patient were also recorded. The data were analyzed using t tests. Results: The volume of allogeneic blood transfusion was significantly less in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: Application of autologous blood cell salvage in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft operation can reduce the volume of allogeneic blood transfusion, alleviate blood shortage, and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, leading to medical, economic, and social benefits.
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Better platelet function, less fibrinolysis and less hemolysis in re-transfused residual pump blood with the Ringer's chase technique - a randomized pilot study
Olsson A, Alfredsson J, Ramstrom S, Svedjeholm R, Kenny D, Hakansson E, Berglund JS, Berg S
Perfusion. 2017;:267659117733891.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Residual pump blood from the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit is often collected into an infusion bag (IB) and re-transfused. An alternative is to chase the residual blood into the circulation through the arterial cannula with Ringer's acetate. Our aim was to assess possible differences in hemostatic blood quality between these two techniques. METHODS Forty adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery with CPB were randomized to receive the residual pump blood by either an IB or through the Ringer's chase (RC) technique. Platelet activation and function (impedance aggregometry), coagulation and hemolysis variables were assessed in the re-transfused blood and in the patients before, during and after surgery. Results are presented as median (25-75 quartiles). RESULTS Total hemoglobin and platelet levels in the re-transfused blood were comparable with the two methods, as were soluble platelet activation markers P-selectin and soluble glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Platelet aggregation (U) in the IB blood was significantly lower compared to the RC blood, with the agonists adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 24 (10-32) vs 46 (33-65), p<0.01, thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) 50 (29-73) vs 69 (51-92), p=0.04 and collagen 24 (17-28) vs 34 (26-59), p<0.01. The IB blood had higher amounts of free hemoglobin (mg/L) (1086 (891-1717) vs 591(517-646), p<0.01) and D-dimer 0.60 (0.33-0.98) vs 0.3 (0.3-0.48), p<0.01. Other coagulation variables showed no difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The handling of blood after CPB increases hemolysis, impairs platelet function and activates coagulation and fibrinolysis. The RC technique preserved the blood better than the commonly used IB technique.
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Shed-blood-separation and cell-saver: an integral part of MiECC? Shed-blood-separation and its influence on the perioperative inflammatory response during coronary revascularization with minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation systems - a randomized controlled trial
Bauer A, Hausmann H, Schaarschmidt J, Scharpenberg M, Troitzsch D, Johansen P, Nygaard H, Eberle T, Michael Hasenkam J
Perfusion. 2017;:267659117728195.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The postoperative systemic inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is still an undesirable side-effect after cardiac surgery. It is most likely caused by blood contact with foreign surfaces and by the surgical trauma itself. However, the recirculation of activated shed mediastinal blood is another main cause of blood cell activation and cytokine release. Minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation (MiECC) comprises a completely closed circuit, coated surfaces and the separation of suction blood. We hypothesized that MiECC, with separated cell saved blood, would induce less of a systemic inflammatory response than MiECC with no cell-saver. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the impact of cell washing shed blood from the operating field versus direct return to the ECC on the biomarkers for systemic inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the study, patients with MiECC and cell-saver were compared with the control group, patients with MiECC and direct re-transfusion of the drawn blood shed from the surgical field. RESULTS High amounts of TNF-alpha (+ 120% compared to serum blood) were found in the shed blood itself, but a significant reduction was demonstrated with the use of a cell-saver (TNF-alpha ng/l post-ECC 10 min: 9.5+/-3.5 vs. 19.7+/-14.5, p<0.0001). The values for procalcitonin were not significantly increased in the control group (6h: 1.07+/-3.4 vs. 2.15+/-9.55, p=0.19) and lower for C-reactive protein (CRP) (24h: 147.1+/-64.0 vs.134.4+/-52.4 p=0.28). CONCLUSION The use of a cell-saver and the processing of shed blood as an integral part of MiECC significantly reduces the systemic cytokine load. We, therefore, recommend the integration of cell-saving devices in MiECC to reduce the perioperative inflammatory response.
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Impact of intra-operative cell salvage on blood coagulation in high-bleeding-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective randomized and controlled trial
Shen S, Zhang J, Wang W, Zheng J, Xie Y
Journal of Translational Medicine. 2016;14((1)):228.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-operative cell salvage (CS) was reported to have no impairment on blood coagulation in low-bleeding-risk cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but studies in high-bleeding-risk cardiac surgery are limited. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of CS on blood coagulation in high-bleeding-risk cardiac surgery with CPB. METHODS One hundred and ten patients were randomly assigned to either with intra-operative CS group (Group CS) or without intra-operative CS group (Group C). Study endpoints included the incidence of impairment of blood coagulation during perioperative period (peri-op) and the incidence of adverse events during postoperative period (post-op). Peri-op was defined as the period from beginning of anesthesia (anesthesia induction) to 24 h after end of surgery. Post-op was defined as the period from the end of surgery to 24 h after end of surgery. The types of impairment of blood coagulation included heparin residual, coagulopathy due to low PLT, coagulopathy due to low FIB, coagulopathy due to low coagulation factors, hyperfibrinolytic. The sum of above five types was total impairment of blood coagulation. Adverse events included excessive bleeding, resternotomy, etc. RESULTS The incidence of heparin residual measured both at the end of surgery and during post-op were significantly higher in Group CS than in Group C (15.09 vs 4.00, 13.21 vs 2.00 %; p = 0.024, 0.010, respectively). Similarly, the incidence of total impairment of blood coagulation at the end of surgery and during post-op were significantly higher in Group CS than in Group C (32.08 vs 18.00, 26.42 vs 12.00 %; p = 0.043, 0.040, respectively). The incidence of excessive bleeding during post-op was 32.08 % in Group CS compared with 16.00 % in Group C (p = 0.038). Intriguingly, CS was associated with a significantly increase in the relative risk ratios for heparin residual and excessive bleeding (p = 0.034, 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Intra-operative CS could impair blood coagulation in the scenario of high-risk-bleeding cardiac surgery with CPB.
