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Evaluating the costs and consequences of computerized clinical decision support systems in hospitals: a scoping review and recommendations for future practice
White NM, Carter HE, Kularatna S, Borg DN, Brain DC, Tariq A, Abell B, Blythe R, McPhail SM
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA. 2023
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sustainable investment in computerized decision support systems (CDSS) requires robust evaluation of their economic impacts compared with current clinical workflows. We reviewed current approaches used to evaluate the costs and consequences of CDSS in hospital settings and presented recommendations to improve the generalizability of future evaluations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A scoping review of peer-reviewed research articles published since 2010. Searches were completed in the PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases (last searched February 14, 2023). All studies reported the costs and consequences of a CDSS-based intervention compared with current hospital workflows. Findings were summarized using narrative synthesis. Individual studies were further appraised against the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation and Reporting (CHEERS) 2022 checklist. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies published since 2010 were included. Studies evaluated CDSS for adverse event surveillance (5 studies), antimicrobial stewardship (4 studies), blood product management (8 studies), laboratory testing (7 studies), and medication safety (5 studies). All studies evaluated costs from a hospital perspective but varied based on the valuation of resources affected by CDSS implementation, and the measurement of consequences. We recommend future studies follow guidance from the CHEERS checklist; use study designs that adjust for confounders; consider both the costs of CDSS implementation and adherence; evaluate consequences that are directly or indirectly affected by CDSS-initiated behavior change; examine the impacts of uncertainty and differences in outcomes across patient subgroups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Improving consistency in the conduct and reporting of evaluations will enable detailed comparisons between promising initiatives, and their subsequent uptake by decision-makers.
PICO Summary
Population
Patients in hospital settings – including those receiving inpatient, emergency, or ambulatory care (29 studies).
Intervention
Computerized decision support systems (CDSS) based intervention.
Comparison
Current hospital workflows.
Outcome
Studies evaluated CDSS for adverse event surveillance (5 studies), antimicrobial stewardship (4 studies), blood product management (8 studies), laboratory testing (7 studies), and medication safety (5 studies). All studies evaluated costs from a hospital perspective but varied based on the valuation of resources affected by CDSS implementation, and the measurement of consequences.
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Cost Effectiveness of Different Platelet Preparation, Storage, Selection and Dosing Methods in Platelet Transfusion: A Systematic Review
Laermans, J., Van Remoortel, H., Scheers, H., Avau, B., Georgsen, J., Nahirniak, S., Shehata, N., Stanworth, S. J., De Buck, E., Compernolle, V., et al
PharmacoEconomics - open. 2023
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Evidence-based guidelines on platelet transfusion therapy assist clinicians to optimize patient care, but currently do not take into account costs associated with different methods used during the preparation, storage, selection and dosing of platelets for transfusion. This systematic review aimed to summarize the available literature regarding the cost effectiveness (CE) of these methods. METHODS Eight databases and registries, as well as 58 grey literature sources, were searched up to 29 October 2021 for full economic evaluations comparing the CE of methods for preparation, storage, selection and dosing of allogeneic platelets intended for transfusion in adults. Incremental CE ratios, expressed as standardized cost (in 2022 EUR) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) or per health outcome, were synthesized narratively. Studies were critically appraised using the Philips checklist. RESULTS Fifteen full economic evaluations were identified. Eight investigated the costs and health consequences (transfusion-related events, bacterial and viral infections or illnesses) of pathogen reduction. The estimated incremental cost per QALY varied widely from EUR 259,614 to EUR 36,688,323. For other methods, such as pathogen testing/culturing, use of apheresis instead of whole blood-derived platelets, and storage in platelet additive solution, evidence was sparse. Overall, the quality and applicability of the included studies was limited. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are of interest to decision makers who consider implementing pathogen reduction. For other preparation, storage, selection and dosing methods in platelet transfusion, CE remains unclear due to insufficient and outdated evaluations. Future high-quality research is needed to expand the evidence base and increase our confidence in the findings.
PICO Summary
Population
Platelet transfusion recipients (15 full economic evaluations).
Intervention
Systematic review summarising the available literature regarding the cost effectiveness of different platelet preparation, storage, selection and dosing methods in platelet transfusion.
Comparison
Outcome
Eight studies investigated the costs and health consequences (transfusion-related events, bacterial and viral infections or illnesses) of pathogen reduction. The estimated incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year varied widely from EUR 259,614 to EUR 36,688,323. For other methods, such as pathogen testing/culturing, use of apheresis instead of whole blood-derived platelets, and storage in platelet additive solution, evidence was sparse. Overall, the quality and applicability of the included studies was limited.
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Cost-Effectiveness of Cell Salvage in Trauma Blood Transfusions
Beeton G, Zagales I, Ngatuvai M, Atoa A, Wajeeh H, Hoops H, Smith CP, Elkbuli A
The American surgeon. 2023;:31348231175124
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the increasing amount of evidence supporting its use, cell salvage (CS) remains an underutilized resource in operative trauma care in many hospitals. We aim to evaluate the utilization of CS in adult trauma patients and associated outcomes to provide evidence-based recommendations. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. Articles evaluating clinical outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of trauma patients utilizing CS were included. The primary study outcome was mortality rates. The secondary outcomes included complication rates (sepsis and infection) and ICU-LOS. The tertiary outcome was the cost-effectiveness of CS. RESULTS This systematic review included 9 studies that accounted for a total of 1119 patients that received both CS and allogeneic transfusion (n = 519), vs allogeneic blood transfusions only (n = 601). In-hospital mortality rates ranged from 13% to 67% in patients where CS was used vs 6%-65% in those receiving allogeneic transfusions only; however, these findings were not significantly different (P = .21-.56). Similarly, no significant differences were found between sepsis and infection rates or ICU-LOS in those patients where CS usage was compared to allogeneic transfusions alone. Of the 4 studies that provided comparisons on cost, 3 found the use of CS to be significantly more cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS Cell salvage can be used as an effective method of blood transfusion for trauma patients without compromising patient outcomes, in addition to its possible cost advantages. Future studies are needed to further investigate the long-term effects of cell salvage utilization in trauma patients.
PICO Summary
Population
Adult trauma patients (9 studies, n= 1,119).
Intervention
Cell salvage and allogeneic transfusion.
Comparison
Allogeneic blood transfusion.
Outcome
In-hospital mortality rates ranged from 13% to 67% in patients where cell salvage was used vs. 6%-65% in those receiving allogeneic transfusions only. These findings were not significantly different. No significant differences were found between sepsis and infection rates or intensive care unit length-of-stay in those patients where cell salvage usage was compared to allogeneic transfusions alone. Of the four studies that provided comparisons on cost, three found the use of cell salvage to be significantly more cost-effective.
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Economic evaluation of ferric carboxymaltose compared with placebo in iron-deficient patients with heart failure: a systematic review
Rezapour A, Souresrafil A, Shamsaei M, Barzegar M, Tashakori-Miyanroudi M, Ketabchi E
International journal of clinical pharmacy. 2023
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) improves symptoms and quality of life in iron-deficient patients with heart failure (HF). AIM: We aimed to systematically review studies conducted on the cost-effectiveness of FCM compared to placebo in iron-deficient patients with HF. METHOD We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science to find the relevant studies. After removing duplicates, two authors independently evaluated the titles, abstracts, and full texts. We included studies that investigated the full economic evaluations of FCM in HF patients with iron deficiency (cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, and cost-benefit analysis) and used the CHEERS tool to evaluate the quality of the studies. RESULTS Seven studies were included which evaluated the economic analysis of treatments with FCM in iron-deficient patients with HF. The CHEERS scores for most of the studies (n = 6) were 0.77 or higher (very good quality). The lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) of FCM ($1801.96) was from Italy, and the highest ICER per QALY of FCM ($25,981.28) South Korea. Results of the studies showed that FCM, compared to placebo, was cost-effective in iron-deficient patients with HF. CONCLUSION FCM is a cost-effective treatment for iron-deficient patients with HF. Considering the fact that all the included studies in the present systematic review took place in high-income countries, we recommend further studies investigating the cost-effectiveness of FCM in low- and middle-income countries.
PICO Summary
Population
Iron-deficient patients with heart failure (HF), (7 studies).
Intervention
Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM).
Comparison
Placebo.
Outcome
The included studies investigated cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, and cost-benefit analysis, and used the CHEERS tool to evaluate the quality of the studies. The CHEERS scores for most of the studies (n = 6) were 0.77 or higher (very good quality). The lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) of FCM ($1,801.96) was from Italy, and the highest ICER per QALY of FCM ($25,981.28) South Korea. Results of the studies showed that FCM, compared to placebo, was cost-effective in iron-deficient patients with HF.
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The cost-effectiveness of tranexamic acid for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review
Aziz S, Rossiter S, Homer CSE, Wilson AN, Comrie-Thomson L, Scott N, Vogel JP
International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2021
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is responsible for nearly one quarter of maternal deaths. A 2017 multicountry trial found that incorporating tranexamic acid (TXA) into the PPH management package was effective in reducing maternal death due to bleeding. OBJECTIVE To systematically review studies assessing the cost-effectiveness of tranexamic acid for PPH treatment. SEARCH STRATEGY Nine databases were searched using variations of keywords 'tranexamic acid', 'postpartum hemorrhage' and 'cost effectiveness'. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible studies were any type of economic or effectiveness evaluation studies on tranexamic acid for treating women with PPH. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently screened citations and extracted data on cost effectiveness measures. Quality was assessed using the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria list. MAIN RESULTS Four studies were included, of which two were abstracts. Three studies concluded that early administration of TXA was cost-saving or cost-effective. One abstract reported TXA was not cost-effective in the USA unless the probability of death due to hemorrhage is higher. CONCLUSION Available evidence (four studies in three countries) suggests that this life-saving intervention may be below willingness to pay thresholds (cost-effective) or cost saving. Further studies conducted in different populations and settings are needed to inform health policy decision-making to reduce PPH-associated morbidity and mortality.
PICO Summary
Population
Women with post-partum haemorrhage (PPH), (4 studies).
Intervention
Systematic review assessing the cost-effectiveness of tranexamic acid (TXA) for PPH treatment.
Comparison
Outcome
Three studies concluded that early administration of TXA was cost-saving or cost-effective. One abstract reported TXA was not cost-effective in the USA unless the probability of death due to haemorrhage was higher.
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Economic Analyses of Pathogen-Reduction Technologies in Blood Transfusion: A Systematic Literature Review
LaFontaine PR, Yuan J, Prioli KM, Shah P, Herman JH, Pizzi LT
Applied health economics and health policy. 2021
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technologies used in the processing of whole blood and blood component products, including pathogen reduction, are continuously being adopted into blood transfusion workflows to improve process efficiencies. However, the economic implications of these technologies are not well understood. With the advent of these new technologies and regulatory guidance on bacterial risk-control strategies, an updated systematic literature review on this topic was warranted. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic literature review was to summarize the current literature on the economic analyses of pathogen-reduction technologies (PRTs). METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines to identify newly published articles in PubMed, MEDLINE Complete, and EconLit from 1 January 2000 to 17 July 2019 related to economic evaluations of PRTs. Only full-text studies in humans published in English were included in the review. Both budget-impact and cost-effectiveness studies were included; common outcomes included cost, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). RESULTS The initial searches identified 433 original abstracts, of which 16 articles were included in the final data extraction and reporting. Seven articles presented cost-effectiveness analyses and nine assessed budget impact. The introduction of PRT increased overall costs, and ICER values ranged widely across cost-effectiveness studies, from below $US150,000/QALY to upwards of $US20,000,000/QALY. This wide range of results was due to a multitude of factors, including comparator selection, target patient population, and scenario analyses included. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of economic evaluations of bacterial risk-control strategies, regardless of mechanism, were highly dependent on the current screening protocols in place. The optimization of blood transfusion safety may not result in decisions made at the willingness-to-pay thresholds commonly seen in pharmaceutical evaluations. Given the critical public health role of blood products, and the potential safety benefits introduced by advancements, it is important to continue building this body of evidence with more transparency and data source heterogeneity. This updated literature review provides global context when making local decisions for the coverage of new and emerging bacterial risk-control strategies.
PICO Summary
Population
Whole blood and blood component products (16 studies).
Intervention
Systematic review to summarize the current literature on the economic implications of pathogen-reduction technologies (PRTs).
Comparison
Outcome
The introduction of PRT increased overall costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios values ranged widely across cost-effectiveness studies, from below $US150,000/quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), to upwards of $US20,000,000/QALY. This wide range of results was due to a multitude of factors, including comparator selection, target patient population, and scenario analyses.
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Patient-Reported Outcomes and Economic Burden of Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in the United States: A Systematic Review
Lee S, Vania DK, Bhor M, Revicki D, Abogunrin S, Sarri G
Int J Gen Med. 2020;13:361-377
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically estimate the patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and economic burden of sickle cell disease (SCD) among adults in the United States (US). PATIENTS AND METHODS Two systematic literature reviews (SLRs), one each for the PROs and economic topics, were performed using MEDLINE and Embase to identify observational studies of adults with SCD. Included studies were published between 2007 and 2018 and evaluated health-related quality of life (HRQL), function, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), or costs. Given the high degree of clinical and methodological heterogeneity, findings were summarized qualitatively. RESULTS The SLRs identified 7 studies evaluating the PROs and 15 studies evaluating the economic burden meeting the pre-specified selection criteria. The PRO evidence showed the prevalence of depression and anxiety to be 21-33% and 7-36%, respectively, in adults with SCD. The mean SF-36 physical summary scores ranged from 33.6 to 59.0 and from 46.3 to 61.5 for the mental summary scores. Overall HRQL for adults with SCD was poor and significantly worse in those with opioid use. Adult SCD patients were found to have varying rates of emergency department (ED) utilization (0.3-3.5 annual ED visits), hospitalizations (0.5-27.9 per patient per year), and/or readmission (12-41%). Key factors associated with significant HCRU were age, dental infection, and SCD-related complications. SCD specialized care settings and SCD intensive management strategy were reported to significantly decrease the number of hospitalizations. CONCLUSION This systematic evidence synthesis found that disease burden measured by PROs and economic burden of SCD on adults in the US are substantial despite the availability of approved SCD treatments during 2007-2018. The use of hydroxyurea, optimal management with opioids, and employing intensive treatment strategies may help decrease the overall burden to patients and healthcare systems. Published data on costs associated with SCD are limited and highlight the need for more economic studies to characterize the full burden of the disease.
PICO Summary
Population
Adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the United States (22 studies).
Intervention
Two systematic literature reviews to estimate the patient-reported outcomes and economic burden of SCD.
Comparison
Outcome
The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 21-33% and 7-36%, respectively. Overall health-related quality of life for adults with SCD was poor and significantly worse in those with opioid use. Adult SCD patients were found to have varying rates of emergency department (ED) utilization (0.3-3.5 annual ED visits), hospitalizations (0.5-27.9 per patient per year), and/or readmission (12-41%). Key factors associated with significant healthcare resource utilization were age, dental infection, and SCD-related complications. SCD specialized care settings and SCD intensive management strategy were reported to significantly decrease the number of hospitalizations.
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Ferric carboxymaltose for patients with heart failure and iron deficiency in Italy: cost-effectiveness and budget impact
Rognoni C, Gerzeli S
Journal of comparative effectiveness research. 2019
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Editor's Choice
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) versus placebo for the management of iron deficiency in patients with chronic heart failure in the Italian healthcare system and to estimate its impact on the national healthcare budget. Materials & methods: A Markov model was developed to project costs and health outcomes over 1 year, based on data from literature. Healthcare resources consumption was derived from an e-survey administered to clinicians. Costs were obtained from official tariffs. Results: Treatment with FCM represents a dominant strategy compared with placebo, leading to national budget annual savings of 20-97 million Euros, according to different increasing utilization rates. Conclusion: FCM is a cost-saving option for the treatment of chronic heart failure patients with iron deficiency in Italy.
PICO Summary
Population
Chronic heart failure (CHF) patients in the Italian healthcare system.
Intervention
Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) for the management of iron deficiency. A Markov model was developed to project costs and health outcomes over 1 year.
Comparison
Placebo.
Outcome
Treatment with FCM represents a dominant strategy compared with placebo, leading to national budget annual savings of 20-97 million Euros.