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Earlier time to hemostasis is associated with decreased mortality and rate of complications: Results from the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratio trial
Chang R, Kerby JD, Kalkwarf KJ, Van Belle G, Fox EE, Cotton BA, Cohen MJ, Schreiber MA, Brasel K, Bulger EM, et al
The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2019;87(2):342-349
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Abstract
BACKDROP Clinicians intuitively recognize that faster time to hemostasis is important in bleeding trauma patients, but these times are rarely reported. METHODS Prospectively collected data from the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios trial were analyzed. Hemostasis was predefined as no intraoperative bleeding requiring intervention in the surgical field or resolution of contrast blush on interventional radiology (IR). Patients who underwent an emergent (within 90 minutes) operating room (OR) or IR procedure were included. Mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust error variance (controlling for age, Injury Severity Score, treatment arm, injury mechanism, base excess on admission [missing values estimated by multiple imputation], and time to OR/IR as fixed effects and study site as a random effect) with modified Bonferroni corrections tested the hypothesis that decreased time to hemostasis was associated with decreased mortality and decreased incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple-organ failure (MOF), sepsis, and venous thromboembolism. RESULTS Of 680 enrolled patients, 468 (69%) underwent an emergent procedure. Patients with decreased time to hemostasis were less severely injured, had less deranged base excess on admission, and lower incidence of blunt trauma (all p < 0.05). In 408 (87%) patients in whom hemostasis was achieved, every 15-minute decrease in time to hemostasis was associated with decreased 30-day mortality (RR, 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-0.99), AKI (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.98), ARDS (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99), MOF (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97), and sepsis (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), but not venous thromboembolism (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.03). CONCLUSION Earlier time to hemostasis was independently associated with decreased incidence of 30-day mortality, AKI, ARDS, MOF, and sepsis in bleeding trauma patients. Time to hemostasis should be considered as an endpoint in trauma studies and as a potential quality indicator. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/care management, level III.
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A comparison of resuscitation intensity (RI) and critical administration threshold (CAT) in predicting early mortality among bleeding patients: a multicenter validation in 680 major transfusion patients
Meyer DE, Cotton BA, Fox EE, Stein D, Holcomb JB, Cohen M, Inaba K, Rahbar E
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2018;85((4):):691-696
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BACKGROUND To address deficiencies associated with the classic definition of massive transfusion, Critical Administration Threshold and Resuscitation Intensity were developed to better quantify the overall severity of illness and predict the need for transfusions and early mortality. We sought to evaluate these as more appropriate replacements for MT in defining mortality risk in patients undergoing major transfusions. METHODS Patients predicted to receive MT at 12 Level-1 trauma centers were randomized in the PROPPR trial. MT: ≥10U RBC in 24 hours; CAT+: ≥3U RBC in the first hour; and RI: total products in the first 30 minutes (1U RBC, 1U plasma, 1000mL crystalloid, 500mL colloid each valued at 1U). RI was evaluated as a continuous variable and dichotomized as RI4+, where RI≥4 U. Each metric was evaluated for its ability to predict mortality at 3, 6, and 24 hours, and at 30 days. RESULTS Of the 680 patients, 301 patients met MT definition, 521 were CAT+, and 445 were RI4+. Of those that died, 23% never reached MT threshold, but all were captured by CAT+ and RI4+. The 3-hr (9 vs. 9%), 6-hr (14 vs. 14%), 24-hr (17 vs. 18%), and 30-day mortality rates (28 vs. 29%) were similar between CAT+ and RI4+ patients. When RI was evaluated as a continuous variable, each unit increase was associated with a 20% increase in hemorrhage-related mortality (OR 1.20, 95% CI [1.15-1.29], p<0.05).CONCLUSIONBoth RI and CAT are valid surrogates for early mortality in patients undergoing major transfusion, capturing patients omitted by the MT definition. CAT+ showed the best sensitivity; RI4+ demonstrated better specificity and good PPV and NPV. While CAT+ may be suited for patients receiving a RBC-dominant resuscitation, RI4+ is more comprehensive. RI can also be used as a continuous variable to provide quantitative as well qualitative risk of death.LEVEL OF EVIDENCELevel III, Prognostic.
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The impact of hypothermia on outcomes in massively transfused patients
Lester ELW, Fox EE, Holcomb JB, Brasel KJ, Bulger EM, Cohen MJ, Cotton BA, Fabian TC, Kerby JD, O'Keefe T, et al
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2018
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermia is associated with poor outcomes after injury. The relationship between hypothermia during contemporary large volume resuscitation and blood product consumption is unknown. We evaluated this association, and the predictive value of hypothermia on mortality. METHODS Patients predicted to receive massive transfusion at 12 Level-1 trauma centers, randomized in the PROPPR trial, were grouped into those who were hypothermic (<36 degrees Celsius) or normothermic (36-38.5 degrees Celsius) within the first 6 hours of Emergency department arrival. The impact of hypothermia or normothermia on the volume of blood product required during the first 24 hours was determined via negative binomial regression, adjusting for treatment arm, injury severity score, mechanism, demographics, pre-emergency department fluid volume, blood administered prior to becoming hypothermic, pulse and systolic blood pressure on arrival and the time exposed to hypothermic or normothermic temperatures. RESULTS Of 680 patients, 590 had a temperature measured during the first 6 hours in hospital, and 399 experienced hypothermia. The mean number of red blood cell units given to all patients in the first 24 hours of admission was 8.8 (95% CI 7.9-9.6). In multivariable analysis, every one-degree decrease in temperature below 36.0 degrees was associated with a 10% increase (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.90; 95% CI 0.89-0.92; p<0.00) in consumption of red blood cells during the first 24 hours of admission. There was no association between red blood cell administration and a temperature above 36 degrees. Hypothermia on arrival was an independent predictor of mortality, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.7 (95% CI 1.7-4.5; p<0.00) for 24-hour and 1.8 (95% CI 1.3-2.4; p<0.00) for 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION Hypothermia is associated with increased in blood product consumption and mortality. These findings support the maintenance of normothermia in trauma patients, and suggests that further investigation on the impact of cooling or rewarming during massive transfusion is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III Prognostic.
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A Novel, Perfused-Cadaver Simulation Model for Tourniquet Training in Military Medics
Grabo DJ Jr, Polk T, Strumwasser A, Inaba K, Foran C, Luther C, Minneti M, Kronstedt S, Wilson A, Demetriades D
Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals. 2018;18((4):):97-102.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exsanguinating limb injury is a significant cause of preventable death on the battlefield and can be controlled with tourniquets. US Navy corpsmen rotating at the Navy Trauma Training Center receive instruction on tourniquets. We evaluated the effectiveness of traditional tourniquet instruction compared with a novel, perfused-cadaver, simulation model for tourniquet training. METHODS Corpsmen volunteering to participate were randomly assigned to one of two tourniquet training arms. Traditional training (TT) consisted of lectures, videos, and practice sessions. Perfused-cadaver training (PCT) included TT plus training using a regionally perfused cadaver. Corpsmen were evaluated on their ability to achieve hemorrhage control with tourniquet(s) using the perfused cadaver. Outcomes included (1) time to control hemorrhage, (2) correct placement of tourniquet(s), and (3) volume of simulated blood loss. Participants were asked about confidence in understanding indications and skills for tourniquets. RESULTS The 53 corpsmen enrolled in the study were randomly assigned as follows: 26 to the TT arm and 27 to the PCT arm. Corpsmen in the PCT group controlled bleeding with the first tourniquet more frequently (96% versus 83%; p < .03), were quicker to hemorrhage control (39 versus 45 seconds; p < .01), and lost less simulated blood (256mL versus 355mL; p < .01). There was a trend toward increased confidence in tourniquet application among all corpsmen. CONCLUSIONS Using a perfused- cadaver training model, corpsmen placed tourniquets more rapidly and with less simulated-blood loss than their traditional training counterparts. They were more likely to control hemorrhage with first tourniquet placement and gain confidence in this procedure. Additional studies are indicated to identify components of effective simulation training for tourniquets.
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Risk factors for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome following hemorrhage
Robinson BRH, Cohen MJ, Holcomb JB, Pritts TA, Gomaa D, Fox EE, Branson RD, Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Schreiber MA, et al
Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 2017;50((3):):258-264
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BACKGROUND The Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) study evaluated the effects of plasma and platelets on hemostasis and mortality after hemorrhage. The pulmonary consequences of resuscitation strategies that mimic whole blood, remain unknown. METHODS A secondary analysis of the PROPPR study was performed. Injured patients predicted to receive a massive transfusion were randomized to 1:1:1 vs. 1:1:2 plasma-platelet-RBC ratios at 12 Level I North American trauma centers. Patients with survival >24 hours, an ICU stay, and a recorded PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio were included. ARDS was defined as a P/F ratio < 200, with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and adjudicated by investigators. RESULTS 454 patients were reviewed (230 received 1:1:1, 224 1:1:2). Age, sex, injury mechanism, and regional abbreviated injury scale (AIS) scores did not differ between cohorts. Tidal volume, PEEP, and lowest P/F ratio did not differ. No significant differences in ARDS rates (14.8 vs. 18.4%), ventilator-free (24 vs. 24) or ICU-free days (17.5 vs. 18), hospital length of stay (22 vs. 18 days), or 30-day mortality were found (28 vs. 28%). ARDS was associated with blunt injury (OR 3.61 [1.53-8.81] p < 0.01) and increasing chest AIS (OR 1.40 [1.15-1.71] p < 0.01). Each 500 mL of crystalloid infused during hours 0-6 was associated with a 9% increase in the rate of ARDS (OR 1.09 [1.04-1.14] p < 0.01). Blood given at 0-6 or 7-24 hours were not risk factors for lung injury. CONCLUSION Acute crystalloid exposure, but not blood products, is a potentially modifiable risk factor for the prevention of ARDS following hemorrhage.
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Every minute counts: time to delivery of initial massive transfusion cooler and its impact on mortality
Meyer DE, Vincent LA, Fox EE, O'Keeffe T, Inaba K, Bulger E, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2017;83((1):):19-24
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BACKGROUND ACS-TQIP Best Practices recommends initial massive transfusion (MT) cooler delivery within 15 minutes of protocol activation, with a goal of 10 minutes. The current study sought to examine the impact of timing of first cooler delivery on patient outcomes. METHODS Patients predicted to receive MT at 12 level-1 trauma centers were randomized to two separate transfusion ratios as described in the PROPPR trial. ABC score or clinician gestalt prediction of MT was used to randomize patients and call for initial study cooler. In this planned sub-analysis, the time to MT protocol activation and time to delivery of the initial cooler were evaluated. The impact of these times on mortality and time to hemostasis were examined using both Wilcoxon rank sum and linear and logistic regression. RESULTS Among 680 patients, the median time from patient arrival to MT protocol activation was 9 minutes with a median time from MT activation call to delivery of first cooler of 8 minutes. An increase in both time to MT activation and time to arrival of first cooler were associated with prolonged time to achieving hemostasis (coef 1.09, p=0.001 and coef. 1.16, p < 0.001, respectively). Increased time to MT activation and time to arrival of first cooler were associated with increased mortality (OR 1.02, p=0.009 and OR 1.02, p = 0.012, respectively). Controlling for injury severity, physiology, resuscitation intensity, and treatment arm (1:1:1 vs. 1:1:2), increased time to arrival of first cooler was associated with an increased mortality at 24-hours (OR 1.05, p = 0.035) and 30-days (OR 1.05, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Delays in MT protocol activation and delays in initial cooler arrival were associated with prolonged time to achieve hemostasis and an increase in mortality. Independent of products ratios, every minute from time of MT protocol activation to time of initial cooler arrival increases odds of mortality by 5%. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, Prognostic.
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Outcomes after concomitant traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock: a secondary analysis from the Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelets and Plasma Ratios trial
Galvagno SM Jr, Fox EE, Appana SN, Baraniuk S, Bosarge PL, Bulger EM, Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Goodman M, Inaba K, et al
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2017;83((4)):668-674.
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BACKGROUND Often the clinician is faced with a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS), as rapid deterioration from either can be fatal. Knowledge about outcomes after concomitant TBI and HS may help prioritize the emergent management of these patients. We hypothesized that patients with concomitant TBI and HS (TBI + HS) had worse outcomes and required more intensive care compared with patients with only one of these injuries. METHODS This is a post hoc analysis of the Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelets and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) trial. TBI was defined by a head Abbreviated Injury Scale score greater than 2. HS was defined as a base excess of -4 or less and/or shock index of 0.9 or greater. The primary outcome for this analysis was mortality at 30 days. Logistic regression, using generalized estimating equations, was used to model categorical outcomes. RESULTS Six hundred seventy patients were included. Patients with TBI + HS had significantly higher lactate (median, 6.3; interquartile range, 4.7-9.2) compared with the TBI group (median, 3.3; interquartile range, 2.3-4). TBI + HS patients had higher activated prothrombin times and lower platelet counts. Unadjusted mortality was higher in the TBI + HS (51.6%) and TBI (50%) groups compared with the HS (17.5%) and neither group (7.7%). Adjusted odds of death in the TBI and TBI + HS groups were 8.2 (95% confidence interval, 3.4-19.5) and 10.6 (95% confidence interval, 4.8-23.2) times higher, respectively. Ventilator, intensive care unit-free and hospital-free days were lower in the TBI and TBI + HS groups compared with the other groups. Patients with TBI + HS or TBI had significantly greater odds of developing a respiratory complication compared with the neither group. CONCLUSION The addition of TBI to HS is associated with worse coagulopathy before resuscitation and increased mortality. When controlling for multiple known confounders, the diagnosis of TBI alone or TBI+HS was associated with significantly greater odds of developing respiratory complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, level II.
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Outcomes following concomitant traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock: a secondary analysis from the PROPPR trial
Galvagno SM Jr, Fox EE, Appana SN, Baraniuk S, Bosarge PL, Bulger EM, Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Goodman M, Inaba K, et al
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2017;83((4):):668-674
Abstract
BACKGROUND Often the clinician is faced with a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS), as rapid deterioration from either can be fatal. Knowledge about outcomes following concomitant TBI and HS may help prioritize the emergent management of these patients. We hypothesized that patients with concomitant TBI and HS (TBI+HS) had worse outcomes and required more intensive care compared to patients with only one of these injuries. METHODS This is a post-hoc analysis of the Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelets and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) trial. TBI was defined by a head abbreviated injury scale >2. HS was defined as a base excess ≤ -4 and/or shock index ≥ 0.9. The primary outcome for this analysis was mortality at 30 days. Logistic regression, using generalized estimating equations (GEE), was used to model categorical outcomes. RESULTS 670 patients were included. Patients with TBI+HS had significantly higher lactate (median 6.3; IQR 4.7,9.2) compared to the TBI group (median 3.3; IQR 2.3,4). TBI+HS patients had higher activated prothrombin times and lower platelet counts. Unadjusted mortality was higher in the TBI+HS (51.6%) and TBI (50%) groups compared to the HS (17.5%) and neither group (7.7%). Adjusted odds of death in the TBI and TBI+HS groups were 8.2 (95% CI, 3.4-19.5) and 10.6 (95% CI, 4.8-23.2) times higher, respectively. Ventilator, ICU- and hospital-free days were lower in the TBI and TBI+HS groups compared to the other groups. Patients with TBI+HS or TBI had significantly greater odds of developing a respiratory complication compared to the neither group. CONCLUSIONS The addition of TBI to HS is associated with worse coagulopathy prior to resuscitation, and increased mortality. When conrolling for multiple known confounders, the diagnosis of TBI alone or TBI+HS was associated with significantly greater odds of developing respiratory complications. STUDY TYPE prognostic study LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Damage control resuscitation and emergency laparotomy: findings from the PROPPR Study
Undurraga Perl VJ, Leroux B, Cook MR, Watson J, FairK, Martin DT, Kerby JD, Williams C, Inaba K, Wade CE, et al
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2016;80((4):):568-74; discussion 574-5
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BACKGROUND The Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) trial has demonstrated that damage control resuscitation, a massive transfusion strategy targeting a balanced delivery of plasma-platelet-RBC in a ratio of 1:1:1, results in improved survival at 3 hours and a reduction in deaths due to exsanguination in the first 24 hours compared to a 1:1:2 ratio. In light of these findings, we hypothesized that patients receiving 1:1:1 ratio would have improved survival after emergency laparotomy. METHODS Severely injured patients predicted to receive a massive transfusion admitted to 12 level I North American trauma centers were randomized to 1:1:1 versus 1:1:2 as described in the PROPPR trial. From these patients, the subset that underwent an emergency laparotomy, defined previously in the literature as laparotomy within 90 minutes of arrival, were identified. We compared rates and timing of emergency laparotomy as well as post-surgical survival at 24-hours and 30-days. RESULTS Of the 680 enrolled patients, 613 underwent a surgical procedure, 397 underwent a laparotomy, and 346 underwent an emergency laparotomy. The percentages of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy were 51.5% (174/338) and 50.3% (172/342) for 1:1:1 and 1:1:2, respectively (p=0.20). Median time to laparotomy was 28 minutes in both treatment groups. Among patients undergoing an emergency laparotomy, the proportions of patients surviving to 24 hours and 30 days were similar between treatment arms, 24-hour survival was 86.8% (151/174) for 1:1:1 and 83.1% (143/172) for 1:1:2 (p=0.29), and 30-day 79.3% (138/174) for 1:1:1 and 75.0% (129/172) for 1:1:2 (p=0.30). CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that resuscitation strategy affects whether a patient requires an emergency laparotomy, time to laparotomy, or subsequent survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic study.
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Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial
Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, Fox EE, Wade CE, Podbielski JM, del Junco DJ, Brasel KJ, Bulger EM, Callcut RA, et al
Jama. 2015;313((5):):471-82.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severely injured patients experiencing hemorrhagic shock often require massive transfusion. Earlier transfusion with higher blood product ratios (plasma, platelets, and red blood cells), defined as damage control resuscitation, has been associated with improved outcomes; however, there have been no large multicenter clinical trials. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness and safety of transfusing patients with severe trauma and major bleeding using plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 ratio compared with a 1:1:2 ratio. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Pragmatic, phase 3, multisite, randomized clinical trial of 680 severely injured patients who arrived at 1 of 12 level I trauma centers in North America directly from the scene and were predicted to require massive transfusion between August 2012 and December 2013. INTERVENTIONS Blood product ratios of 1:1:1 (338 patients) vs 1:1:2 (342 patients) during active resuscitation in addition to all local standard-of-care interventions (uncontrolled). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were 24-hour and 30-day all-cause mortality. Prespecified ancillary outcomes included time to hemostasis, blood product volumes transfused, complications, incidence of surgical procedures, and functional status. RESULTS No significant differences were detected in mortality at 24 hours (12.7% in 1:1:1 group vs 17.0% in 1:1:2 group; difference, -4.2% [95% CI, -9.6% to 1.1%]; P=.12) or at 30 days (22.4% vs 26.1%, respectively; difference, -3.7% [95% CI, -10.2% to 2.7%]; P=.26). Exsanguination, which was the predominant cause of death within the first 24 hours, was significantly decreased in the 1:1:1 group (9.2% vs 14.6% in 1:1:2 group; difference, -5.4% [95% CI, -10.4% to -0.5%]; P=.03). More patients in the 1:1:1 group achieved hemostasis than in the 1:1:2 group (86% vs 78%, respectively; P=.006). Despite the 1:1:1 group receiving more plasma (median of 7 U vs 5 U, P<.001) and platelets (12 U vs 6 U, P<.001) and similar amounts of red blood cells (9 U) over the first 24 hours, no differences between the 2 groups were found for the 23 prespecified complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, and transfusion-related complications. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with severe trauma and major bleeding, early administration of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 ratio compared with a 1:1:2 ratio did not result in significant differences in mortality at 24 hours or at 30 days. However, more patients in the 1:1:1 group achieved hemostasis and fewer experienced death due to exsanguination by 24 hours. Even though there was an increased use of plasma and platelets transfused in the 1:1:1 group, no other safety differences were identified between the 2 groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01545232.
PICO Summary
Population
Patients with severe trauma and major bleeding, enrolled in the Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) trial in 12 trauma centres in North America (n= 680).
Intervention
Plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 ratio (n= 338).
Comparison
Plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:2 ratio (n= 342).
Outcome
No significant differences were detected in mortality at 24 hours (12.7% in 1:1:1 group vs. 17.0% in 1:1:2 group; difference -4.2% [95% CI -9.6% to 1.1%]) or at 30 days (22.4% vs. 26.1%, respectively; difference -3.7% [95% CI -10.2% to 2.7%]). Exsanguination, which was the predominant cause of death within the first 24 hours, was significantly decreased in the 1:1:1 group (9.2% vs. 14.6% in 1:1:2 group; difference -5.4% [95% CI -10.4% to -0.5%]). More patients in the 1:1:1 group achieved haemostasis than in the 1:1:2 group (86% vs. 78% respectively). Despite the 1:1:1 group receiving more plasma (median of 7 U vs. 5 U) and platelets (12 U vs. 6 U) and similar amounts of red blood cells (9 U) over the first 24 hours, no differences between the 2 groups were found for the 23 prespecified complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, and transfusion-related complications.