1.
Comparison of hemocoagulase atrox versus tranexamic acid used in primary total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial
Qin JZ, Wang SJ, Zheng XP, Zhao HH, Lin Y, Shi L, Xia C
Thrombosis research. 2020;188:39-43
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been considered as an effective choice for end-stage osteoarthritis or rheumatic arthritis. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been widely used to prevent excessive blood loss perioperatively. Similarly, hemocoagulase atrox can significantly diminish blood loss and transfusion requirements in surgeries, however, it was rarely used in TKA. The purpose of this study is to identify whether hemocoagulase atrox is equal to TXA in reducing blood loss and transfusion rates following TKA, and compare clinical outcomes and complications between the two groups. METHODS 74 patients were randomized to receive TXA (1.5 g intra-articular combined with 1.5 g intravenous), or hemocoagulase atrox (1 U intra-articular combined with 1 U intravenous). The primary outcome was total blood loss. The secondary outcomes included reduction of hemoglobin concentration, clinical outcomes, blood coagulation values, thromboembolic complications, and transfusion rates. RESULTS The mean total blood loss was 431.7 mL in the TXA group compared with 644.6 mL in the hemocoagulase atrox group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in reduction of hemoglobin level (P < 0.05). The rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients given TXA was higher than those given hemocoagulase atrox, however, there were no significant differences. No transfusions were required in either group, and no significant differences were found in the length of hospital stay and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although the blood loss was significantly greater in the hemocoagulase atrox group, no transfusions were required and no significant differences were observed for any other outcomes measured. Meanwhile, the rate of DVT in the hemocoagulase atrox group tends to be lower than those in TXA group. We concluded that hemocoagulase atrox was not superior to TXA in reducing perioperative blood loss. Further studies are warranted to evaluate if hemocoagulase atrox use could improve perioperative blood loss in patients with high thrombotic risk undergoing TKA.
2.
Efficacy and safety evaluation of intra-articular injection of tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty operation with temporarily drainage close
Wang G, Wang D, Wang B, Lin Y, Sun S
International journal of clinical and experimental medicine. 2015;8((8)):14328-34.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) injection during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for reducing postoperative hemorrhage. METHODS 100 cases of patients admitted to our hospital and underwent primary unilateral TKA from January 2012 to December 2014 were enrolled in this study and they were divided randomly into two groups. For the TXA group, 1 g TXA was dissolved in 50 ml 0.9% sodium chloride solution and injected after prosthesis implantation but before cavity close. Conventional drainage clamping was carried for 4 h and the drainage tube was removed 48 h postoperative. For the control group, similar measures were taken except for that no TXA was dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Postoperative hemoglobin, blood coagulation index, total blood loss volume, drainage volume, blood transfusion rate and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) rate in both groups were observed and the efficacy and safety of this surgical treatment were evaluated. RESULTS There were no significant differences in operation time, postoperative platelet and APPT, D-dimer, lower limb venous thrombosis incidence rate 1 week after operation between the two groups. Postoperative drainage volume, hemoglobin, total blood loss and blood transfusion rate in the TXA group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Ecchymosis of lower extremity peripheral incision and its surroundings was significantly milder than that of the control group. CONCLUSION Intraoperative intra-articular injection of TXA in TKA can significantly reduce the initial postoperative hemorrhage and blood transfusion rate at the early stage after operation.
3.
Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid during cardiopulmonary bypass
Dowd NP, Karski JM, Cheng DC, Carroll JA, Lin Y, James RL, Butterworth J
Anesthesiology. 2002;97((2):):390-9.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tranexamic acid (TA) reduces blood loss and blood transfusion during heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). TA dosing has been empiric because only limited pharmacokinetic studies have been reported, and CPB effects have not been characterized. We hypothesized that many of the published TA dosing techniques would prove, with pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation, to yield unstable TA concentrations. METHODS Thirty adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting, valve surgery, or repair of atrial septal defect received after induction of anesthesia: TA 50 mg/kg (n = 11), TA 100 mg/kg (n = 10), or TA 10 mg/kg (n = 10) over 15 min, with 1 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) maintenance infusion for 10 h. TA was measured in plasma using high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic modeling was accomplished using a mixed effects technique. Models of increasing complexity were compared using Schwarz-Bayesian Criterion (SBC). RESULTS Tranexamic acid concentrations rapidly fell in all three groups. Data were well fit to a 2-compartment model, and adjustments for CPB were supported by SBC. Assuming a body weight of 80 kg, our model estimates V1 = 10.3 l before CPB and 11.9 l during and after CPB; V2 = 8.5 l before CPB and 9.8 l during and after CPB; Cl1 = 0.15 l/s before CPB, 0.11 l/s during CPB, and 0.17 l/s after CPB; and Cl2 = 0.18 l/s before CPB and 0.21 l/s during and after CPB. Based on simulation of previous studies of TA efficacy, we estimate that a 30-min loading dose of 12.5 mg/kg with a maintenance infusion of 6.5 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) and 1 mg/kg added to the pump prime will maintain TA concentration greater than 334 microm, and a higher dose based on 30 mg/kg loading dose plus 16 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) continuous infusion and 2 mg/kg added to the pump prime would maintain TA concentrations greater than 800 microm. CONCLUSIONS Tranexamic acid pharmacokinetics are influenced by CPB. Our TA pharmacokinetic model does not provide support for the wide range of TA dosing techniques that have been reported. Variation in TA efficacy from study to study and confusion about the optimal duration of TA treatment may be the result of dosing techniques that do not maintain stable, therapeutic TA concentrations.